INDUSTRIAL AGE

1. INDUSTRIAL AGE 801-850

2. The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million immigrants arrived. • Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from __, fleeing persecution and poverty. • Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

3. Southern and Eastern Europe

4. 1911 - Congressional commission set up to investigate demands for immigration restriction. • It's report was a list of complaints against the "new immigrants."

5. Dillingham Commission Report

6. The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. • People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. • These new living areas were called __.

7. Streetcar suburbs

8. Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. • Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

9. Tenements

10. Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. • In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

11. Jane Addams

12. Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. • He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. • Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.

13. Denis Kearney

14. Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbade further immigration of Chinese. • Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.

15. Chinese Exclusion Act

16. A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.

17. American Protective Association

18. Immigrants were required to pass __ in order to gain citizenship. • Many immigrants were uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass. • Meant to discourage immigration.

19. Literacy tests

20. Opposed the Nativist sentiment and promoted the "melting pot" idea of American culture. • Author of The American Commonwealth

21. James Bryce

22. He pioneered the development of suspension bridges and designed the Brooklyn Bridge, but died before its construction was completed.

23. John A. Roebling

24. Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. • Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright. • Pioneer of the functionalist school of architecture.

25. Louis Sullivan

26. Considered America's greatest architect. • Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

27. Frank Lloyd Wright

28. Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators. • They believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. • Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

29. Ashcan School

30. 1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. • It was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

31. Armory Show

32. Social reformer who worked against obscenity. • He boasted of driving offenders into suicide.

33. Anthony Comstock

34. Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. • Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.

35. Charles Darwin • Origin of the Species

36. Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. • Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

37. Social Darwinism

38. He was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. • His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

39. Andrew Carnegie • The Gospel of Wealth

40. British, he developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution. • He believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. • Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavors could be explained rationally and scientifically.

41. Herbert Spencer

42. Minister who worked against slavery in Kansas Border War. • An advocate of Women's suffrage, temperance and Darwin's theory of evolution,and a foe of slavery and bigotry of all kinds, he held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times. • Later, he became a prominent advocate for allowing Chinese immigration to continue to the United States, and is credited for delaying the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act until 1882.

43. Henry Ward Beecher

44. Baptist preacher whose famous speech said that hard work and thrift would lead to success. • The speech/sermon was called “Acres of Diamonds."

45. Russell Conwell

46. Evangelist who preached the social gospel.

47. Dwight L. Moody

48. He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. • He was one of the first to warn that Protestants were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes. • He argued that the Anglo-Saxon race had a responsibility to "civilize and Christianize" the world due to its superiority.

49. Rev. Josiah Strong

50. Sociologist who attacked social Darwinism in his book, Dynamic Sociology. • He hoped to restore the central importance of experimentation and the scientific method to the field of sociology. • His idea of social liberalism sought to enhance social progress through direct government intervention.