New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with Mid-IR Interferometry

1. New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with Mid-IR Interferometry Peter R. Lawson Oliver Lay, Stefan Martin, Robert Peters, Andrew Booth, Robert Gappinger, Alexander Ksendzov, and Daniel Scharf Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology New Technologies for Probing the Diversity of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets Shanghai, China Thursday, 23 July 2009

2. Overview • Spectra of Earth-like exoplanets • Architecture & Design Team Studies • Technology Demonstrations • Future Prospects • Summary and Conclusion Terrestrial Planet Finder May 1999 P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

3. McKee–Taylor Report: Decadal Survey 2000 P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

4. Frank Selsis (Lyon) P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

5. P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

6. Architecture Tradesand Design Team Studies P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

7. TPF-I Darwin Bow-Tie Linear DCB X-Array Planar TTN Stretched X-Array Emma TTN Emma X-Array TPF-Darwin TPF-Darwin Architecture Studies P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

8. Properties of a TPF-I Observatory P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

9. Mass estimates and launch packaging • 3 m design = 6900 kg (w 30% reserve) • Mass saving of 30% over previous design • Compatible with medium lift LV • Delta IV M+ • Ariane 5 ECA • Scaling to smaller diameters • 3.0 m 6900 kg • 2.0 m 4800 kg • 1.5 m 4100 kg • 1.0 m 3700 kg Inspired by a design by Thales Alenia Space P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

10. Technology Demonstrations P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

11. Technology for a Mid-IR Interferometer • Science Requirements • Architecture trade studies • Starlight suppression • Null depth & bandwidth • Null stability • Formation flying • Formation control • Formation sensing • Propulsion systems • Cryogenic systems • Active components • Cryogenic structures • Passive cooling • Cryocoolers • Integrated Modeling • Model validation and testbeds P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

12. Technology forStarlight and Noise SuppressionSpatial FilteringAdaptive NullingArray Rotation, Chopping, and AveragingSpectral Filtering

13. Chalcogenide Fibers(NRL) A. Ksendzov et al., “Characterization of mid-infrared single mode fibers as modal filters,” Applied Optics 46, 7957-7962 (2007) Transmission losses 8 dB/m Suppression of 1000 for higher order modes Useable to ~11 microns Silver-Halide Fibers(Tel Aviv Univ) A. Ksendzov et al. “Modal filtering for mid-infrared nulling interferometry using silver halide fibers,” Applied Optics 47, 5728-5735 (2008). Transmission losses 12 dB/m Suppression of 16000 possible with a 10-20 cm fibre, with aperturing the output. Useable to ~18 microns (?) Single-Mode Mid-Infrared Fibers Example Chalcogenide Fibers, produced on contract by the Naval Research Laboratory http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF-I/spatialFilters.cfm P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

14. Broadband Intensity and Phase Compensation Birefringent element splits polarizations Pupil Stop Parabolic mirror ~ 10 x 14 cm Dispersive element splits wavelengths Uncompensated beam in (~4 cm) S-polarization Deformable mirror P-polarization Compensated beam out (~4 cm) Pupil Stop Dispersive element re-combines wavelengths Birefringent element re-combines polarizations P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

15. Adaptive Nuller TPF-I Milestone #1 completed, July 2007 Demonstrated 0.09% intensity compensation and 4.4 nm phase compensation TPF-I Milestone #3 completed, February 2009 Demonstrated 1.0×10-5 mean null depth with a 34% bandwidth in three 6-hour experiments. TPF-I Milestone #1 and #3: Adaptive Nuller “Broadband phase and intensity compensation with a deformable mirror for an interferometric nuller,” R. D. Peters, O. P. Lay and M. Jeganathan, Applied Optics 47, 3920-3926 (2008). P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

16. 100,000:1 with 34% Bandwidth,  = 10 m P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

17. Chop, Rotate, Average, Spectral Fit P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

18. Demonstrate array rotation, chopping, and averaging Detect planet signal at a contrast of ≤ 10-6 relative to the star Show residual starlight suppression from phase chopping and rotation ≥ 100. Tests run for a total duration of 10,000 s, with one or more rotations at timescales of ≥ 2000 s. P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

19. Planet Detection Testbed P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

20. Technology forFormation Flying Guidance, Navigation & Control

21. Precision Formation Flying P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

22. Precision Leader-Follower Maneuver P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

23. TPF-I Milestone #2 experiments for the formation precision performance maneuver were completed 30 September 2007 Goal: Per axis translation control < 5 cm rms Per axis rotation control < 6.7 arcmin rms Demonstrated with arcs having 20 and 40 degree chords. Experiments repeated three times, spaced at least two days apart. Milestone Report published 16 January 2008 TPF-I Milestone #2: Formation Control Testbed Formation Control Testbed x axis 4.77 arcmin rms y axis 5.14 arcmin rms z axis 2.70 arcmin rms x axis 2.66 arcmin rms y axis 2.93 arcmin rms z axis 1.67 arcmin rms Relative path of robots for an arc with 20 degree chords x axis 1.39 cm rms y axis 2.41 cm rms Example Milestone Data: Rotation maneuver with 20 degree chord segments P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

24. Orbital Express(DARPA) May-July 2007 Demonstrated in-orbit servicing of satellites Relative maneuvers of two satellites Transfer of liquids and batteries Autonomous Transfer Vehicle(ESA) April 2008 Unmanned transport to the International Space Station 10.3-m long and 4.5-m diameter GPS, video, and human supervision Two days of demos, and rendezvous and docking 30 September 2008, completed a destructive re-entry Recent Advances in Formation Flying P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

25. Prisma(Swedish Space Corporation) launch 24 November 2009 Rendezvous and docking demonstrations Prototype “Darwin” RF metrology Proba-3(ESA) 2012 30-150 m separation for demonstrations Millimeter-level range control RF Metrology & Optical metrology AO for the provision of the coronagraph now out http://sci.esa.int/proba_3_AO Prisma (2009) and Proba-3 (2012) Prisma Proba-3 P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

26. Related New Technologies P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

27. Large Light-Weight Optics • Herschel Primary Mirror P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

28. Cryocoolers Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program • JWST Cryocooler (NGST) P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

29. Technology Development in Europe • Infrared Nulling testbeds (ESA) • Thales Alenia Space • EADS Astrium • University of Delft • Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale • Cryogenic Delay Line (ESA) • TNO, The Netherlands • Integrated Optics and Fiber Optics (ESA) • LAOG, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble • Thales Alenia Space • EADS Astrium / TNO • Université de Rennes • Université de Montpellier • Breadboard demonstrator for PEGASE (CNES) • Cryogenic mid-IR testbed, Inst. Astrophysique Spatiale (under design) • RF Metrology for formation flying (Thales Alenia Space) Thales Alenia Space TNO Inst. Astrophysique Spatiale P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

30. Interferometer Technology Metrics P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

31. Accomplished 1999–2009 Remaining 2010–2020 • Room-temperature experiments & ground-based • Broadband mid-infrared starlight suppression has been demonstrated at flight performance levels using the adaptive nuller • System-level planet detection has been demonstrated using the Planet Detection Testbed • Formation Flying algorithms demonstrated with traceability to flight. • Related cryogenic technology • Herschel mirror development • Cryocooler work for JWST • Cryogenic delay line development for ESA • Cryogenic engineering & space-based testing • Demonstrate component, subsystem, and system performance in a cryogenic environment • Demonstrate the detection of biosignatures • Validate models of the observatory • Complete integration and test plans • Demonstrate space-based interferometry • Demonstrate space-based formation flying P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers 31

32. Further Reading R. D. Peters, O. P. Lay, and M. Jeganathan, “Broadband phase and intensity compensation with a deformable mirror for an interferometric nuller,” Applied Optics 47, 3920–3926 (2008) A. Ksendzov, et al., “Modal filtering for mid-infrared nulling interferometry using single-mode silver halide fibers,” Applied Optics 47, 5728–5735 (2008) A. Ksendzov, et al., “Characterization of mid-infrared single mode fibers as modal filters,” Applied Optics 46, 7957–7962 (2007) R. O. Gappinger, et al. “Experimental evaluation of achromatic phase shifters for mid-infrared starlight suppression,” Applied Optics 48, 868–880 (2009) http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF-I/ This work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers 32

33. Backup Slides P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

34. Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer • Salient Features • Formation Flying Mid-IR nulling Interferometer • Starlight suppression to 10-5 • Heavy launch vehicle • L2 baseline orbit • 5 year mission life (10 year goal) • Potential collaboration with European Space Agency • Science Goals • Detect as many as possible Earth-like planets in the “habitable zone” of nearby stars via their thermal emission • Characterize physical properties of detected Earth-like planets (size, orbital parameters, presence of atmosphere) and make low resolution spectral observations looking for evidence of a habitable planet and bio-markers such as O2, CO2, CH4 and H2O • Detect and characterize the components of nearby planetary systems including disks, terrestrial planets, giant planets and multiple planet systems • Perform general astrophysics investigations as capability and time permit P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers

35. State of the Art in Nulling Interferometry P. R. Lawson, New Technologies for Exoplanet Detection with mid-IR Interferometers