CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES

1. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES • SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution. • a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and Montesquieu, and the role of Thomas Jefferson. • b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette. • c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge. • d. Explain Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

2. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES • This unit examines the conflict and change associated with the American Revolution, including the ideological background of the Declaration of Independence. Through the conceptual lens of beliefs and ideals, the unit also focuses on early American documents including the Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and the U. S. Bill of Rights. The unit ends with the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams, which along with the contributions of early American leaders such as Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, show how individuals, groups, and institutions affect societal change.

3. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • 1.AN “ENLIGHTENED” DOCUMENT • 2.WRITER: THOMAS JEFFERSON, WITH ADVICE FROM JOHN ADAMS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, AND OTHERS • 3.BASED ON IDEAS OF ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER, JOHN LOCKE, AND FRENCH PHILOSOPHER, CHARLES MONTESQUIEU • 4.ADDRESSED TO THE WORLD TO EXPLAIN AMERICAN COLONISTS’ CAUSE AND EXPLANATION OF KING’S VIOLATIONS OF RIGHTS • 5. SEE QUOTE • 6. ADOPTED: JULY 4, 1776

4. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • 6.MAIN IDEAS • 1)PEOPLE HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS, “LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY” (LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS) • 2)UNALIENABLE RIGHTS (CANNOT BE TAKEN AWAY) • 3)GOVERNMENT POWER-CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED, FROM THE PEOPLE • 4)RIGHT TO ALTER OR ABOLISH (CHANGE) GOVERNMENT WHICH DOES NOT PROTECT RIGHTS • 7.RESULT: AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE AND FORMATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

5. JOHN LOCKE

6. CHARLES MONTESQUIEU

7. THOMAS JEFFERSON

8. GEORGE WASHINGTON

9. GEORGE WASHINGTON • 1.George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) led the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and served as the firstPresident of the United States of America (1789–1797). • 2.The Continental Congress appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces in 1775. The following year, he forced the British out of Boston, lost New York City, and crossed the Delaware Riverin New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units later that year. • 3.Extraordinary leadership: • 1)reorganized army • 2)secured additional equipment/supplies • 3)started training program for recruits

10. THE CONTINENTAL ARMY • 1.HARD LIFE • 2.ENLISTMENTS, 2-3 YRS • 3.STATE PAY AND CARE OF SOLDIERS WAS BARELY SATISFACTORY (HOUSING, PAY, FOOD, CLOTHING) • 4.SOLDIER MORALE: LOW

11. CONTINENTAL ARMY • The American Continental Army was an army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 15, 1775, the army was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their struggle against the rule of Great Britain.

12. GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THE CROSSING OF THE DELAWARE • 1. TURNING POINT, AM. REV.12.25.1776 • 2. SURPRISE ATTACK ON HESSIAN (GERMANS) MERCENARIES FIGHTING FOR GREAT BRITAIN • 3.RIVER WAS CROSSED IN A BLIZZARD. • 4.PROVED CONT. ARMY COULD FIGHT ANY EUROPEAN ARMY (BATTLE AT TRENTON, NJ)

13. GEORGE WASHINGTON, VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA • 1.WINTER, 1777-1778 • 2.BAD CONDITIONS FOR ARMY…LACK OF FOOD, PAY, CLOTHING, EQUIPMENT…DISEASE • 3.DESPITE CONDITIONS, G.W. TURNED ARMY GOOD INFANTRY

14. THE AMERICAN COLONIES AND FRANCE • 1.2ND TURNING POINT, ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE • 2.ACHIEVED BY BEN FRANKLIN • 3.FR. FOUGHT WAR AGAINST GB UNTIL COLONIES ACHIEVED INDEP. • 4.GB WOULD HAVE TO FIGHT 2 FRONT WAR…IN AMERICA AND IN EUROPE • 5.FAMOUS FRENCHMAN, MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

15. Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, (formerly Marquis de Lafayette or de La Fayette) (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834) Lafayette was a general in the American Revolutionary War and a leader of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution. In the American Revolution, Lafayette served in the Continental Army under George Washington. ALLIES

16. VICTORY OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES • 1.GB’S PLAN: COUNTER FRENCH ALLIANCE BY MOVING WAR TO SOUTH AND SEPARATING COLONIES • 2.BRITISH LEADER: GEN. CHARLES CORNWALLIS • 3.SOME VICTORIES BY GB, BUT AM-FR ALLIANCE WITH FR FLEET, DEFEATED GB AT YORKTOWN, VA. (VIRGINIA)

17. The Siege of Yorktown or Battle of Yorktown in 1781 was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war, the other being Burgoyne's surrender at the Battle of Saratoga) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.

18. SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN, VA

19. THE END OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783 • TREATY OF PARIS, 1783 • The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies of the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule starting in 1775.

20. PROVISIONS OF TREATY OF PARIS, 1783 • 1.RECOGNITION OF USA • 2.USA CONTROLLED LAND EAST TO MISSISSIPPI RIVER.