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5 Distribution Planning Questions Related to DR

Distribution Planning Opportunities Tutorial: Future of Smart Distribution Grids with Distributed Energy Resources Roger C. Dugan Sr. Consulting Engineer 2 nd International Conference on Integration of Distributed and Renewable Energy Resources Napa, CA, December 4, 2006.

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5 Distribution Planning Questions Related to DR

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  1. Distribution Planning OpportunitiesTutorial: Future of Smart Distribution Grids withDistributed Energy ResourcesRoger C. DuganSr. Consulting Engineer2nd International Conference on Integration of Distributed and Renewable Energy Resources Napa, CA, December 4, 2006

  2. 5 Distribution Planning Questions Related to DR • Government mandates renewable generation • Where would it do the most good for distribution? • The load is growing slowly • Can DR defer investment in distribution infrastructure? • The load is growing fast • Can DR bridge the gap until new distribution infrastructure can be built? • Customer wants to interconnect their DR • Is it feasible? What will it take to do it safely? • DR is connected • How much is it worth to the power delivery system?

  3. Opportunities for DG in Distribution Planning • Covering firm rating deficits for contingencies • Bridging the gap for high growth • Deferring investment (indefinitely ?) when growth is low-to-moderate • Energy efficiency applications (CHP) • Renewables qualifying for RPS incentives • Backup power

  4. Covering Firm Rating Deficits 2-Transformer Substation Close Tie Breaker DG Makes Up any Deficit One Transformer Out of Service

  5. Bridging the Gap DG Supports Load During System Peak Extending the System Results in Overload Until New Feeder or Substation can be Justified or Built

  6. Computing Effectiveness of DR for Planning Purposes

  7. Planning Process for Distribution Planning with DR

  8. New Tools Needed • Utility distribution planning tools have been designed assuming power flow in one direction • Tools do not show value of DR well • Research into new tools to determine the value of DR continues • No one method has been standardized • Many different ways to look a the problem

  9. Example Firm Rating Deficit Annual Characteristic 5 MW

  10. Calculation of DR Effectiveness for Distribution Planning Impact of DG is not direct sum of DG capacity due to time and location issues

  11. Impact of DR on Energy Exposed to Outages

  12. Incremental Capacity of Dispatchable or Continuous DR “How much more Power in area can be served with DG until …. “ Equal risk of unserved energy Larger than DR Size !!

  13. How is this Possible? • Impact of DG on distribution system is a function of • Timing • Location • If there are constraints on the distribution system, the value of DR capacity can be greater than the rated DR output if it is on when needed and in a location to relieve the constraint • There are generally multiple constraints in any distribution planning area at any given time

  14. Value of DR to Distribution • While it is possible to find locations that might be very beneficial to the distribution system, it is difficult to find these locations without close cooperation with utility planners. • Legislative incentives do not necessarily result in DR being installed in good locations for distribution capacity • Value of a particular location will change with time as feeders are reconfigured and new substations are added

  15. Value of Renewable DR • Example: Solar PV About 40% of DR output

  16. Capacity Contribution of Solar Generation Capacity Gap Load Economic storage is one of the key technologies needed to realize to full capacity of solar generation

  17. Example of DR Output Required to Prevent Overload – Winter Peaking System

  18. Hurdles for DR for Distribution Planning • Distrust of distribution planners • Maintenance is a key problem • Cost • Wires are more economic most of the time • Lack of Economic Storage • (to make renewable DR more attractive with respect to capacity) • Interconnection Issues • Distribution Planning is Demand Sensitive • Energy efficiency  Demand savings

  19. A Couple of Key Interconnection Issues

  20. Islanding Overvoltages SLG Fault Voltage > 50% IEEE 1547 Clearing time Islanding 170% Voltage

  21. Open Conductor Overvoltages Open Phase Occurs 3 p.u. voltage w/o arresters Conditions: CHP application, Synch generator, Delta/Wye interconnection transformer. Assume jumper fails approximately half way to the substation.

  22. Summary • There are good opportunities for DR on distribution systems to • It will take some new analytical techniques to expose the value of DR (EPRI research) • The opportunities have limits • Wires remain more economic for most capacity applications • Energy reduction  Demand reduction • There are hurdles to interconnection • Mostly related to handling abnormal conditions • Most conflicts can be solved technically (economically?)

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