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Eastern Europe after World War II

Eastern Europe after World War II. All were: Members of the Warsaw Pact Or members of the Comecon (economic organization) Communist Dictatorships Had ‘ little Stalins ’ in power Had a Leninist ideology Owed allegiance to Moscow. The Soviet bloc: Poland Hungary Czechoslovakia

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Eastern Europe after World War II

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  1. Eastern Europe after World War II • All were: • Members of the Warsaw Pact • Or members of the Comecon (economic organization) • Communist Dictatorships • Had ‘little Stalins’ in power • Had a Leninist ideology • Owed allegiance to Moscow • The Soviet bloc: • Poland • Hungary • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Romania • Bulgaria • Albania • Yugoslavia

  2. The Communist Black Sheep: Yugoslavia • Rejected control by Moscow early on. • Rested on General Tito’s personal power

  3. Josip Broz Tito“Brotherhood andUnity”

  4. The Communist Black Sheep: Yugoslavia • Rejected control by Moscow early on. • Rested on General Tito’s personal power • Established regime without Soviet help • Had connections to the West • Disagreements with the Soviets • Did not like taking orders • Disagreed with collectivization

  5. The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

  6. Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia: 40% of urban couples ethnically mixed Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim

  7. Key to the conflict • World underestimated • the power and violence of appeals to ethnicity and nationalism • Milosevic • purged moderates • played upon old fears/animosities • engaged in specific policies designed to • perpetuate the fear and • SEGREGATE the populations and REDRAW national boundaries to their own advantage • specifically calculated the West’s inability/reluctance to get involved

  8. With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR • Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policy • Fear precedent of break-up • US and West was focused on Persian Gulf • WEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

  9. Bosnia • Geographically it’s in the middle • Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons • It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority • Muslims (43.7%) • Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %) • The population consisted of large ethnic groups • Linked to Serbia and Croatia • Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

  10. IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING • Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units • ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked • allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map • world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

  11. BOSNIA • Declares independence, too • Bosnian Serbs • declare an independent Serb state and lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital • Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia • 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo • 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

  12. SARAJEVO BEFORE THE WAR

  13. Market Bombings that Finally Touch the World

  14. Dayton Peace Accord • Single Bosnia state (country) • divided Bosnia into Croat-Muslim Federation and Bosnian Serb Republic (2 republics) • joint presidency • free elections • END up w/ Bosnia ethnic enclaves each elect strong nationalist governments • NATO implementation force (IFOR) to enforce provisions and ensure elections • War crime tribunal

  15. Before the War After Dayton Accords

  16. Vojvodina Hungarian and Catholic majority Kosovo Albanian and Muslim majority (90%) “Autonomous” Provinces in Yugoslavia

  17. Slovenia (West) Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croatia (West) Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Macedonia (East) 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central) Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %) Ethnic and Religious Make-up

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