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CORE CONCEPTS. RESOURCE GUIDE TO HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY, CITIZENSHIP AND ECONOMICS, AND CULTURE. CORE CONCEPTS 1.1 MEASURING TIME. USING A TIMELINE. Historians use timelines as a tool to put events in chronological order.
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CORE CONCEPTS RESOURCE GUIDE TO HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY, CITIZENSHIP AND ECONOMICS, AND CULTURE
USING A TIMELINE • Historians use timelines as a tool to put events in chronological order. • Timelines are very flexible in nature, in that they can cover a day or even a month. Timelines use a period of time to specify a specific event or development.
ORGANIZING TIME • The past is split in two parts: Prehistory and history. • Prehistory- time before written history. • History- refers to written history. • Much of the world uses the birth of Jesus Christ as the beginning of history, hence B.C., the time before the birth of Jesus Christ and A.D., which is often referred to the years after his birth and also called anno Domini. • The Jewish and Islamic calendar do not follow the B.C./A.D calendar, as the Jewish calendar refers to the year the world was created and the Islamic calendar refers to the year that prophet Muhammad moved to Mecca. • The have also been other different calendars such as those used by the Mayan and Aztecs, but the most commonly used calendar today is called the Gregorian calendar.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES • Primary Sources- this is information that comes directly from the source, such as artifacts, letters, diaries, speeches, and photographs. • Secondary Sources- this is information about an event that does not come from a person who experienced that event. Examples are books, articles, movies.
EVALUATING HISTORICAL SOURCES • A historian must decide if a primary source should be trusted, as sometimes people add their own opinions to their work and they may not recount the event as it happened. • Historians also have issues with trusting secondary sources, as the most common way to find a secondary source is through the internet, but not all internet sites are reliable. • How can you figure out is a source is reliable? First, you should find out who created the source and research if that person is credible. Second, is the information fact or opinion. Facts, can be proved and are generally reliable. Finally, does the material have bias, or an unfair preference. Material that are biased in nature do not usually contain facts and thus can not be trusted.
ARCHAEOLOGIST VS. ANTHROPOLOGIST • Archaeology is the scientific study of ancient cultures through the examination of artifacts and other evidence. • Archaeologist are like treasure hunters and when they find their treasure they then become detectives. Archaeologist study the objects that they find to learn about the past. The object that found are often referred to as artifacts. • Artifacts allow archaeologist to identify how an ancient civilization might have lived and interacted with others around them. • Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially in the aspect of culture. • Anthropologist study the origins of humans and how they have developed throughout time.
CORE CONCEPTS 1.4: GEOGRAPHY’S 6 THEMES • The study of geography is done through studying the six themes of geography. • The World in Spatial Terms: Geographers use this to study the location of a particular place referring to its absolute location and its relative location. • Place: Geographers use this to study the mix of human and non-human features given for a location, such as how many people live in a place, the climate of the place, and the geographical features of the place……is it mountainous or hilly? • Regions: Geographers use the concept of a region to study an area with at least one unifying physical or human feature such as climate, landforms, population, or history. • Human and Physical Systems and Environment: This is the geographical study of how people affect their physical environment. • The usage of The world in spatial terms, place, regions, human and physical systems, and environment allows geographers to study the human and physical world.
PARTS OF A MAP AND READING A MAP • Key- explains the symbols and shadings on the map. • Compass Rose- diagram showing direction. • Locator Map- shows a larger area than the main map. • Scale bar- shows how much space on the map represents a given distance on the land. • You can read most maps by using the key, scale bar, and other map tools.
HISTORICAL MAPS • A historical map is a special purpose map that provides information about a place at a certain time in history. • Historical maps show information about: migration; trade patterns; and other pertinent facts.
ORIGINS AND POWERS OF GOVERNMENT • A government is a group of people who have the power to make and enforce laws for a country or area. • Governments were formed by groups of people to allow for decision making. Governments then evolved to becoming organizations that solved problems and managed people who were leaders. • Today most governments have a constitution, which is a system of basic rules and principles by which a government is organized. • Governments can have limited or unlimited powers. • Limited- Actions limited by law. Work to protect the common good and provide for people’s needs. • Unlimited- no effective limit on government actions. Example: China.
TYPES OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS • A state is a region that shares a common government. Most states today are nation-states. • Democracy- citizens hold the power of the government and they are the ultimate source of governmental power. There are two types of democracies: direct and representative. • Monarchy- form of government in which the state is run by a monarch. The power of the government is inherited through family members. Their powers can be limited or unlimited. • Authoritarian- all power is held by a single person or a small group. The government controls all aspects of life and their power is unlimited.
SYSTEMS, PRINCIPLES, AND BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT • There are three government systems: unitary; federal; and confederal. • Unitary system- where the central government makes all laws for the entire country. • Federal system- when power is divided among central, regional, and local governments. • Confederal system- when a group of independent states join together and give limited powers to a common government. (Not Common) • All governments have principals. Historians can study a government’s principals to see how people were treated by their government leaders. • In the U.S., the constitution provides for separation of powers which allows for different branches of government.
CITIZENSHIP: RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES • A citizen is a legal member of a country. • A citizen’s rights and responsibilities may come from it’s constitution, cultural traditions, and religious laws. • In the United States, the rights and responsibilities of a citizen are to speak freely, participate in government, and vote in elections. • Countries that are democratic protect their citizen’s basic human rights, but countries who are not democratic may not protect their citizen’s human rights. • There is currently a strong urge to consider citizens to be citizens of the world rather than of an individual country, as we are all equally responsible for supporting human rights and equality for all.
ECONOMIC CHOICES, GOODS, AND SERVICES • The study of economics is the study of how people meet their wants and needs. • The key to any economy is how much demand there is for a product and the product availability. • When there is a limited quantity of a product, the product will be in greater demand and therefore will cost more to the consumer. • Generally, people produce more of a product when there is a greater monetary incentive. • Entrepreneur Land, Labor, Capital Goods and Services (Factors of Production)
BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMIC PROCESS • A market is an organized way for producers and consumers to trade goods and services. • All businesses want to have a larger revenue to ensure that they have a profit at the end of the year. • Businesses usually specialize in specific products to ensure a profit. • Businesses who specialize in products are always concerned about their competitors, but changes in prices and advertisement always allow for a greater revenue. • Healthy economies allow for a greater number of goods sold and thus a rise in prices or inflation may occur. • Economies that are suffering have result in a recession, in which there is a decline in economic growth.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • What do you think the cartoon on the previous slide was insinuating to? • Economic systems are systems in which people make and distribute goods and services. • Types of Economic Systems: • Traditional Economies-decisions are based on customs and habits. People who participate in these economies generally live a basic way of life. • Market Economies- decisions are made by consumers and producers. • Command Economies-central government makes all economic decisions. • Mixed Economies-decision making process is a combination of traditional, market, and command economies. United States has a mixed economy.
TRADE: GEOGRAPHY; TYPES; BARRIERS V. FREE TRADE • Trade is the exchange of goods and services in a market. • The geography of a country can give them both an advantage and disadvantage in trading. • There are two types of trading: • Imports-Goods and services sold in one country, but produced in another country. (When a country imports most of its products, there is a loss of jobs within its own country and thus can cause economic problems.) • Exports-goods and services produced within a country and sold outside the country’s borders. • When a product is imported from another country, there is a tariff or tax placed on the product. • Trade barriers exist to restrict and limit international trade. There is a push for free trade, or the removal of trade barriers.
BUDGETING, SAVINGS, LENDING, AND INVESTING • One of the most beneficial tool of money management is a budget. • Savings allows a person to save for the future. This money can be used to purchase a home, car, education, or vacation. • People who choose to keep their money in banks, generally earn interest on their money. Banks in turn use this money to make loans. People who take out loans pay banks interest to borrow the money. • People who make purchases with credit cards do not have to pay for the purchase immediately, but end up paying more for it in the future, because of the interest that is accrued. • Investing is one to increase the amount of money you have. Investors generally invest in stocks or bonds. Bonds are usually a safe investment, but stocks can be high risk.
WHERE DOES CULTURE COME FROM? • Culture is the beliefs, customs, practices, and behaviors of a particular nation or group of people. • The features that make up a culture is called a cultural trait. • Cultural traits include: language; laws; religion; values; food; clothing; and many other customs. • Cultural traits can be acquired from parents, adults, organizations, schools, and the media. • A norm in a culture is a behavior that is considered to to be normal in a society. Note: What is normal in one society may not be normal in another. • The environment plays a large role in culture, because it can affect how people live their lives.
CULTURE GEOGRAPHY • Earth has many cultures and cultural regions. • Culture regions are different from political units. • Cultural regions can extend beyond political boundaries. Example: People who live in SW Asia and Northern Africa are Arab Muslims, but they are separated by continents.
ONE WORLD MANY RELIGIONS • Religion is a system of worship and belief, including belief about the nature of god or gods. • Religion also guides people in matters of ethics, or standards that are acceptable behaviors. • The religions that believe in one god are called monotheistic. The monotheistic religions are: Jewish; Christian; and Islam. • Religions all have prayers and rituals. • The world’s major religions began in Asia.
WORLD RELIGIONS • Judaism- based on the belief of one god. Teachings are recorded in the Hebrew Bible. There are 14 million Jews in the world. • Christianity- based on the belief of one god. Teachings are recorded in the Bible. There are 2 billions Christians in the world. • Islam- based on the belief of one god. Teachings are recorded in the Quran. There are 1.25 billion Muslims in the world. • Hinduism- beliefs have evolved throughout the years. Teachings are in Hindu text. There are 837 million Hindus in the world. • Buddhism- based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. Teachings include the search for the true meaning. There are 400 million Buddhist people in the world. • Sikhism- based on the writing of Gurus. Teachings include rebirth and enlightenment. There are 24 million Sikhs in this world. • Traditional Religions- Traditions are passed down from word of mouth. Each has it’s own set of beliefs.
SPREADING OF CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY • Cultural hearth is where a cultural trait develops. Traits of the cultural hearth then are spread to the surrounding areas. Eventually, a cultural hearth is spread to far off lands. • Then cultural diffusion happens, which is the spreading of cultural traits from one culture to another. • Culture traits can also be spread by traders and migrants. • Technology allows for the greatest spreading of culture.
TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY • Technology started with early humans. • Technology increased when humans created settlements. • Technological advancements allowed cultures to change through time. • Early civilizations developed new ways of making farming easier and more efficient. • Through the Industrial Revolution, cities grew, science increased, and new businesses were created. • Technology has raised the standard of living for human beings.
