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Enlightenment

Enlightenment. 18th century intellectual movement. Dare to Know! Emmanuel Kant. Beginnings of Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Isaac Newton knowledge should be gained by “observation, analysis and experiment” not through religious teaching

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Enlightenment

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  1. Enlightenment • 18th century intellectual movement Dare to Know! Emmanuel Kant

  2. Beginnings of Enlightenment • Scientific Revolution Enlightenment • Isaac Newton • knowledge should be gained by “observation, analysis and experiment” not through religious teaching • John Locke (1632-1674) • scientific method study of society

  3. Main Themesof the Enlightenment or The Age of Reason • rationalism • cosmology • secularism • scientific method • utilitarianism - Jeremy Bentham • optimism and self-confidence • tolerance • freedom • mass education • legal/penal reforms • constitutionalism • cosmopolitanism

  4. John Locke • An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) • tabula rasa • all knowledge is sensory • rejects original sin of man • society should be based on secular laws • mankind is capable of improving social conditions - reform

  5. John Locke • Second Treatise of Government 1690 • inalienable rights: life, liberty and property (excludes slaves in America) • social contract between ruler and subjects • proponent of educational reform, freedom of press, religious toleration and separation of political powers

  6. a “Republic of letters” was formed salon de Madame Geoffrin • elites form. . . • an international informal community of philosophes • letters • unpublished manuscripts • books • pamphlets

  7. Four main philosophes Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau - the general will Diderot - encyclopedia

  8. baron de Montesquieu • Persian Letters 1721 • satire on French society as told by Persian travelers • travelogue • Pope a “magician” • criticizes slavery - extension of despotism

  9. The Spirit of the Laws 1748 • favored = • Britain’s parliament - an “intermediary institution” • separation of power • checks and balances • against = • absolutism (despotic) • republic (too chaotic)

  10. Montesquieu vs. radical ?????

  11. VoltaireFrancois-Marie Arouet 1694 - 1778 • witty, sarcastic • writings banned in France and Spain • imprisoned in the Bastille

  12. Voltaire • enlightened monarch • praises Britain • history determines politics of each state not one-size fits-all approach • freedom of speech • strongest attack against the church • Philosophical Dictionary 1764 • deist - supreme being

  13. Candide 1759 • criticism of Enlightenment as being too optimistic • last line “one must cultivate one’s own garden” • Main message = progress is inevitable without human action

  14. Voltaire and religion • Deist • anti-clerical • Still, he sees benefits of having religion • Ecrasez l’infamel or • Crush the Infamous Thing

  15. Quotes by Voltaire • If God did not exist, one would have had to invent him. • I want my attorney, my tailor, my servants, even my wife to believe in God, and I think that shall then be robbed and cuckholded (cheated on) less often. • Everything I see scatters the seeds of a revolution which will definitely come. . . Enlightenment has gradually spread so widely that it will burst in full light at the first right opportunity, and then there will be a fine uproar. Lucky are the young, for they will see great things.

  16. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712 - 1778 • switch from rationalism to romanticism • Romanticism - idealizes emotions, instincts and spontaneity as being as important as reason - rationalism

  17. Rousseau Writings • Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences 1750 • Discourse on the Origin of Inequality 1755

  18. Emile 1762 • novel • secular education and childrearing • Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Author of nature, but everything degenerates in the hands of man.

  19. Main Writing of Rousseau • the general will or will of the majority = • direct democracy • social contract

  20. Rousseau and women • domestic sphere v. public sphere • leads to . . . • cult of domesticity among middle class women • Victorian England 19th century

  21. Who said what? • I may not agree with what you say but I will die for your right to say it. • Men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains. • The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy” • To instruct a nation is to civilize it. Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu Diderot

  22. Mary Wollstonecraft 1792 ideas in her writing: against Rousseau’s domestic sphere women’s right to education 1817

  23. Diderot’s Encyclopedia • 28 volumes • 60,000 articles • 2,800 illustrations • 20 years to put together

  24. Cesare Beccaria Beccaria’s ideas lead to Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism

  25. Enlightenment and economic theories • physiocrats - • liberalizes the economy - end regulation • critical of mercantilism • Adam Smith - 1723 - 1790 • laissez-faire • competition • invisible hand theory

  26. Enlightenment and Women Madame Marie-Therese Geoffrin Marquise de Pompadour ran the Salons Comments on women by: Montesquieu Diderot

  27. Enlightenment and Slavery • never directly addressed • Anti-slavery movement comes later • John Locke • Montesquieu

  28. Break Time is almost here - hang on! Wake Up!!!!

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