Enlightenment

1. Enlightenment World History

2. Focus Questions How did the Enlightenment challenge the traditional order in Europe? How was the Enlightenment linked to the Scientific Revolution? What ideas about government emerged during the Enlightenment?

3. Focus Questions How did constitutional government evolve in Britain and the United States? How did Enlightenment ideas affect developments in North America?

4. Philosophy in the Age of Reason Section 1

5. Scientific Jumpstart The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific Revolutionof the 1500s and 1600s In the 1700s, other scientists expanded European knowledge For example, Edward Jennerdeveloped a vaccine against smallpox

6. Edward Jenner

7. Scientific Jumpstart Scientific successes created great confidence in the power of reason “By applying scientific knowledge, inventors changed peoples’ lives. Why not apply natural laws to change human society?”

8. Dueling Views In the 1600s, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment Hobbes set out his ideas in a work titled Leviathan In the work, Hobbes argued people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish

9. Thomas Hobbes

10. Thomas Hobbes Hobbes also argued that if not strictly controlled, people would fight, rob, and oppress one another Hobbes believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society

11. Thomas Hobbes • Such a government was an absolute monarchy • Why do you think Hobbes believed that an absolute monarchy was the best way to ensure an orderly society? • It could impose order and compel obedience

12. John Locke John Locke had a more optimistic view of human nature than Hobbes Locke stated that people were basically reasonable and moral He believed that people had natural rights Natural Rights: rights that belonged to all people from birth

13. John Locke

14. John Locke • These natural rights included life, liberty, and property • What major document was partly inspired by these words? • American Declaration of Independence • Locke published his ideas in Two Treatises of Government

15. John Locke In his work, Locke argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights Locke said that the best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens Locke rejected absolute monarchy

16. John Locke Locke then set out a radical idea – a government had an obligation to those it governed Locke argued that if a government fails its obligations or violates people’s natural rights, the people have a right to overthrow the government

17. Question Which person’s ideas does the United States government most resemble– Hobbes or Locke?

18. Baron de Montesquieu In the early 1700s, an early and influential thinker in France was Baron de Montesquieu In 1748, Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws In it, he argued that the best governments divided powers among three separate branches: legislature, executive, and judiciary

19. Baron de Montesquieu

20. Philosophes In France, thinkers who applied methods of science to better understand and improve society were called philosophes Philosophes means “lovers of wisdom” One of the most famous philosophe was Voltaire

21. Voltaire

22. Voltaire Voltaire often wrote of corruption in government and religion He was imprisoned, forced into exile, and his books were censored and burned

23. Voltaire Voltaire continued to defend the freedom of speech Voltaire once told a person, “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

24. The Encyclopedia Denis Diderot, another philosophe, labored 25 years to produce Encyclopedia It included articles from other philosophes that denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, urged education for all, and attacked divine-right theory and traditional religions

25. Denis Diderot

26. The Encyclopedia The French government argued Encyclopedia was an attack on public morals The pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who bought or read volumes Still, over 20,000 copies were printed between 1751 and 1789 and the ideas spread across Europe and into the Americas

27. Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people in their natural state were basically good This natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society, especially unequal distribution of property In 1762, Rousseau published The Social Contract

28. Rousseau The Social Contract begins, “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” The chains were those of society, which controls the way people behave He argued that some social controls – control by a freely formed government-are good

29. Rousseau Rousseau stated that in consenting to form a government, individuals choose to give up their self-interest in favor of the common good Although people surrender their rights, they retain their freedom because the government is based on the consent of the governed

30. Rousseau Rousseau believed the good of the community should be placed above individual interests Thus, unlike many Enlightenment thinkers, who put the individual first, Rousseau felt the individual should subordinate to the community

31. Question • Rousseau’s ideas sound like a quote from a famous U.S. President. Do you know who? • John F Kennedy: “Ask not what your country can do for you, rather, ask what you can do for your country.”

32. Physiocrats Physiocrats were thinkers that focused on economic reform Like the philosophes, they looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system Physiocrats rejected mercantilism, which required government regulation

33. Physiocrats • Physiocrats favored laissez faire • Laissez faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference • Do you think physiocrats were for or against high tariffs? • Against; Physiocrats supported free trade and wanted to lift all tariffs

34. Adam Smith British economist Adam Smith greatly admired the physiocrats Smith published The Wealth of Nations In it, he argued that the free market (the natural forces of supply and demand) should be allowed to operate and regulate business

35. Supply and Demand Wherever there is a demand for goods and services, suppliers will seek to meet it Also, when supply is low, the demand will rise and when demand is low, supply will be high

36. Enlightenment Ideas Spread Section 2

37. Salons The Enlightenment’s new literature, arts, science, and philosophy were regular topics of discussion in salons Salon: informal social gatherings where people exchanged ideas

38. Enlightened Despots Despots: absolute ruler unrestricted by any legal or constitutional process Absolute rulers who used their power to bring political and social change became known as Enlightened Despots

39. Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740-1786 Exerted extremely tight control over his subjects Admired Voltaire and had him establish a Prussian academy of science

40. Frederick the Great

41. Frederick the Great Frederick reorganized civil service and simplified laws He also tolerated religious differences

42. Catherine the Great Catherine II became empress of Russia in 1762 Exchanged letters with Diderot and Voltaire Made limited reforms in law and government

43. Catherine the Great

44. Joseph II Holy Roman Emperor, born in Austria Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems Nicknamed the “peasant emperor”

45. Joseph II He chose talented middle-class officials rather than nobles to head departments Imposed legal and political reforms Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in the Catholic Empire

46. Joseph II Ended censorship He sold the property of many monasteries, which he saw as unproductive, and used the proceeds to build hospitals Abolished serfdom

47. Joseph II • Most of Joseph’s reforms were canceled after his death • Why do you think it was possible for his reforms to be canceled? • Their was no constitution, the government was not run by the people

48. Music Opera and ballets – plays set to music-were the new forms of music introduced during the Enlightenment Before long, opera houses sprang up from Italy to England

49. Music Popular musicians of the time were Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart At the age of 35, Mozart died in poverty

50. Do Not Write Play Mozart’s “Marriage of Figaro K.492”