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EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

This chapter emphasizes the importance of prompt and knowledgeable care during emergencies in sports settings. It covers the emergency plan, on-the-field injury assessment, vital signs recognition, and response protocols.

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EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

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  1. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Chapter 12

  2. Prompt Care is Essential • Knowledge of what to do • Knowledge of how to do it • Being prepared to follow through • There is no room for uncertainty • There is no room for error

  3. The Emergency Plan • The key to emergency aid in the sports setting is the initial evaluation of the injured athlete. • The prime concern is to maintain cardiovascular function (ABC’s) and central nervous system function.

  4. The Emergency Plan • EMS communication • Telephones must be available • Designate someone to call 911 • The right information must be communicated • Type of emergency situation • Type of suspected injury • Present condition of the athlete • Current assistance being given • Location of telephone being used and location • Exact location of the emergency

  5. The Emergency Plan • Emergency Action Plan • Transportation policies • Treatment policies • Keys to the appropriate gates • Separate emergency plans should be developed for each sport’s field, court etc. • Cooperation with emergency care providers • Parent notification

  6. Principles of On-The-Field Injury Assessment • Primary Survey: determines the existence of potentially life-threatening situations. • Airway • Breathing • Circulation • Severe bleeding • Shock

  7. Principles of On-The-Field Injury Assessment • Secondary Survey: systematically assesses vital signs and symptoms for a more detailed evaluation of the injury. • Observation • History • Inspection • Palpation • Range of motion • Special tests

  8. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Pulse: should be taken at the carotid artery or the radial artery with two fingers. • Adult resting pulse 60-80 • Child resting pulse 80-100 • Rapid and weak = shock, bleeding, diabetic coma, or heat exhaustion • Rapid and strong = heat stroke • Slow and strong = skull fracture or stroke • No pulse = cardiac arrest or death

  9. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Respiration: check airway and breathing • Look • Listen • Feel • Normal adult respirations = 12 a minute • Normal child respirations = 20 a minute • Shallow respirations = shock • Gasping respirations = cardiac involvement • Frothy blood in the mouth = lung injury

  10. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Blood Pressure: force of the blood against the arterial walls measured by a sphygmomanometer and stethascope. • Systolic / Diastolic • Adult males = 120 / 80 • Adult females = 110 / 70 • High blood pressure = cardiac involvement • Low blood pressure = hemorrhage, shock, heart attack or internal organ injury

  11. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Temperature: is measured by a thermometer under the tongue, armpit, or rectum but skin also reflects temperature. • Normal core temperature = 98.6 • Hot dry skin = disease, infection, heat stroke • Cool clammy skin = shock, heat exhaustion • Cool dry skin = over exposure to cold

  12. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Skin color: can quickly be used to identigy medical emergencies. • Red skin = heatstroke, high blood pressure • Pale skin = insufficient circulation, shock, hemorrage, heat exhaustion, or insulin shock • Blue skin = poorly oxygenated blood (airway obstruction or respiratory failure) • Dark skin = look at lips, mouth or nails

  13. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Pupils: are very sensitive to injury affecting the nervous system. • Constricted = depressant drug • Dilated = head injury, shock, heat stroke, hemorrhage, stimulant drug • Failed response to light = head injury, alcohol or drug poisoning

  14. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • State of Consciousness: awareness • Normal (quickly responds to stimuli): alert • Unconscious (does not respond to stimuli): 3rd degree concussion • Groggy (responds slowly to stimuli): 2nd degree concussion • Conscious (full memory but responds slowly to stimuli): 1st degree concussion

  15. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • The Unconscious Athlete • Check the ABC’s • Check for milky fluid from the ears or nose • Check for bumps, lacerations or deformity • NEVER move an unconscious athlete • NEVER remove the helmet

  16. Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs • Nervous System • Check movement of extremities • Lack of movement = head or neck injury • Check sensation of body areas • Numbness = nerve injury • Lack of pain = shock or spinal cord injury

  17. Response to The Primary Survey • Obstructed airway management • Rescue breathing • CPR / AED • Stop severe bleeding • Treat for shock • Stabilize the athlete until EMS arrives

  18. Response to The Secondary Survey • Determine the seriousness of the injury • Determine the type of first aid necessary • Determine if referral is warranted • Determine where referral is warranted • Determine the manner of transportation • Determine the immediate treatment

  19. Immediate Treatment • Bandaging • Splinting • Metal splints • Vacuum splints • Anatomical splints • Others • Immediate Transportation • Ambulatory aid • Manual conveyance • Stretcher / spine board • RICES

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