Hyoid Bone

1. Hyoid Bone • Also called hyoid _____________ • Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing. • Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.

2. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column) • Vertebraethat extend from skull to tip of tail. • Divided into 5 sections: • Cervical (neck, C) • Thoracic (chest, T) • Lumbar (abdomen, L) • Sacral (pelvis, S) • Coccygeal (tail, Cy) • Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.

4. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS • Body • The main, ventral portion of the bone. • Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral ________ of _________ cartilage. • Arch • dorsal to body • helps to make up _______ ________ which allows passage of the spinal cord.

5. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS • Transverse Processes • Two processes that project laterally • Site of muscle attachment. • Articular Processes • On cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint • Spinous Processes • Single and projects dorsally

6. Cervical Vertebrae • Neck region • ______ vertebrae in all domestic animals • _________ is C1 • Holds up head. • Has ________ that can be palpated • Has no vertebral body, just is a ring which spinal cord passes through. • ________ is C2 • Has large blade-like spinous process and a ______ that fits into atlas

7. Thoracic Vertebrae • Chest region • Have tall __________ processes. • Number of vertebrae = number pairs of _______ • Have articular facets which communicate with the ribs. • Dorsal to abdominal region. • Most massive-looking bones in spinal column. • Bodies are large and bulky • Prominent cranial-directed ___________ processes Lumbar Vertebrae

8. Sacral Vertebrae • 3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure. • Called the _________. • Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint. Coccygeal Vertebrae • Bones of the tail. • Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone • In humans fuse into coccyx.

9. Ribs • Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax. • Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae. • Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand. • Term for rib is ____________. • ____________ ribs aka “true ribs”attach to sternum • ____________ ribs aka “false ribs”make up caudal part of thorax. • Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.

10. Breastbone • Made up of sternebrae. • Most cranial sternebrae is _________________ • Most caudal sternebrae is called _____________ process. STERNUM

11. Appendicular Skeleton • Bones of limbs. • Thoracic limbs (front leg) • Scapula • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpal bones • Metacarpal bones • Phalanges • Pelvic Limbs (back leg) • Pelvis • Ilium • Ischium • pubis • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsal bones • Metatarsal bones • Phalanges

12. Appendicular Skeleton (limb bones) Thoracic Limb • Scapula • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpal bones (carpus) • Metacarpal bones • Phalanges

13. Scapula • Most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. • Flat and triangular. • Has prominent ridge on lateral surface referred to as the _____________. • The distal end forms portion of ball and socket shoulder joint called the ______________ cavity.

14. Humerus • Long bone of upper arm/brachium • Articulates with the _________ proximally and the _______ and _______ distally • Has head at proximal end with a large greater tubercle for muscle attachment. • Condyle at distal end is composed of trochlea (medial/ulna), capitulum (lateral, radius), medial and lateral epicondyles (medial and lateral/ no articulations) • _____________ fossa is proximal to the condyles on the caudal surface of the humerus • Is not the “funny bone”

15. One of two bones that form the antebrachium. • Proximally, forms major portion of elbow joint with distal end of the ____________. • Articulates distally with the ________ (except in the horse). • Point of the elbow = olecranon process • Trochlear _________: concave articular surface that makes elbow secure. • Proximal end of trochlear notch forms a beak-shaped ______________ process. • tucks into the olecranon process of the humerus • Distal end of trochlear notch forms the two ________________ processes. • Styloid process forms the distal end of the ulna. Ulna

16. Radius • Main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium. • Articulates with _________ and ulna proximally, and the _______ distally. • ___________process articulates with carpus.

17. Carpal Bones • Carpus has _______ rows of bones. • Is the “_______” of the most animals, knee of horses • Proximal row bones have names • radial carpal bone, intermediate carpal (if present) ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone • Distal row bones numbered medial to lateral: • (1st carpal, 2nd carpal, etc)

18. Metacarpal Bones • Articulate proximally with the carpal bones and distally with the phalanges of the digits. • Numbered from _________ to _________ (dewclaw being number 1 in dogs and cats). • Horses have one large metacarpal III bone (__________ bone) and two non-weight bearing metacarpal II & IV bones (___________ bones). • Cattle have fused metacarpal bones (III & IV) with a groove dividing them

19. EQUINE BOVINE

20. Phalanges (singular = phalanx) • Each digit is made up of two or three______________ (proximal, middle, distal) • In horses phalanges are also called thelong and short pastern bones and coffin bone. • Horses and cattle have proximal and distal sesamoid bones. • Distal sesamoid in horse = navicular bone • Horses have one weight-bearing digit (III) and cattle have two (III & IV) • Dogs and cats have an _____________ crest that surrounds the claw.

21. EQUINE PHALANGES LONG PASTERN SHORT PASTERN COFFIN BONE