The Cell The basic unit of life

1. The Cell The basic unit of life

2. What is a cell & why is it called the basic unit of life?

3. Cell The basic unit of life Levels of Organization Tissue Group of cells working together Organ Group of tissues working together Organ System Group of organs working together Organism Any livingthing made of 1 or more cells

4. The basic unit of life • In 1665, Robert Hooke, first to identify cells. He said they looked like little rooms in a monk’s monastery. • This is a drawing he made of the cork cells

5. Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to view pond water and other things.

6. Cell Theory • It wasn’t long before scientists realized that all living things were made up of cells. This discovery brought about the formulation of the cell theory.

7. The Cell Theory States • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • New cells are produced from existing cells. 3 Important Scientists who contributed to the cell theory • Matthias Schleiden • Theodore Schwann • Rudolf Virchow

8. Types of Cells • Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. • Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not inside a nucleus (no nucleus). • Eukaryotic cells have genetic materials in a nucleus. (“true” nucleus)

9. Very simple in structure DOES NOT contain a membrane bound nucleus Example would be Bacteria. - flagella: used for movement - pilus: small hair like projections used for attaching to other cells - Capsule: tough outer layer used for protection Prokaryotic Cells

10. Eukaryotic Cell Structure

11. What is an organ? What is an organelle? Organelle = “little organs” that carry out cell functions

12. Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Ribosomes Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuole Maintains homeostasis Supports & protects cell Makes proteins Produces food in plants Provides internal support Chemical Reactions Sorts & Packages proteins Digests material Transforms energy = ATP Control Center Storage Organelle List

13. Cellular Boundaries • Plasma Membrane – selectively permeable • Phospholipid bilayer • Fluid Mosaic • Helps maintain homeostasis • Controls what enters & exits • Cell wall – found in plants & bacteria cells –provides support & protection

14. Cell Wall

15. Plant Cell

16. Animal Cell

17. Plasma Membrane

18. Nucleus • The “control center” of the cell • The master set of directions for making proteins is contained on chromatin, which are strands of DNA • Within in the nucleus is a prominent structure called the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes • Ribosomes = produce proteins by putting together amino acids

19. Nucleus

20. Cytoplasm The clear, gelatin like substance inside the cell The JELLO of the cell

21. Transport system, “intracellular highway” Series of folded membranes Connected to the Nucleus Rough ER– studded with ribosomes Smooth ER– not studded Endoplasmic Reticulum

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum

23. Golgi Apparatus • Processes, packages and secretes proteins in membrane-bound structures, called vesicles • Then sent to the appropriate destination • If sent out of the cell it is called exocytosis • UPS of the cell

24. Golgi Apparatus

25. Used for storage A sac that stores: Water Food Enzymes Waste Vacuoles Animal Plant Very large in plant cells, also used for support

26. Contains digestive enzymes Digest Excess or worn out organelles Food particles Engulfed viruses or bacteria Lysosomes

27. Chloroplasts • Found only in Plant Cells • Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy • Double membrane sac that contains chlorophyll Formula for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 = Glucose

28. Found in both plant & animal cell “Powerhouse” of the cell Double membrane sac that contains enzymes for cellular respiration Turns food into a useable energy This energy is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy. Mitochondria

29. Cytoskeleton – the structure that is used for support Forms the frame-work for the cell Microtubules Thin, hollow cylinders made of protein Microfilaments Smaller, solid protein fibers Support

30. Cilia & Flagella • Cilia • Short hair-like projections • Flagella • Longer projections that move with a whip-like motion

31. Review • Compare & Contrast Plant cell and Animal Cell • Distinguish between a Prokaryotic Cell and a Eukaryotic Cell

32. NAME THE ORGANELLE a. Nucleus c. Golgi body b. Chloroplast d. Mitochondria

33. 1- Nucleus 2- Chromosomes 3- Mitochondria 5- Chloroplasts 7- Golgi Apparatus 8- Cell Membrane 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles

34. In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA? A) DNA provides the shape and structure of the nucleus. B) DNA packages materials for transport through the nucleus. C) DNA carries materials into and out of the nucleus. D) DNA contains the blueprint for producing the whole organism.

35. The diagram shows different parts of a human sperm cell. Which part of the cell is most likely specialized for mobility? A) Q B) R C) S D) T

36. Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells? A) Producing cellular nutrients B) Preserving cellular wastes C) Neutralizing chemicals D) Maintaining homeostasis

37. The information in the box identifies some of the organs of the kitten. Which of the following is identical for every cell in each of the four organs? A) Amount of ATP B) Function of cell C) Size of cells D) Genes in DNA