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Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: Senior Secondary History Curriculum – Compulsory Part (Theme A) Modernisation and Transformation of Japan and Southeast Asia (Lecture 2 ) Decolonization of Southeast Asian countries and their post-colonial developments (New). Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael

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Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong

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  1. Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: Senior Secondary History Curriculum – Compulsory Part (Theme A) Modernisation and Transformation of Japan and Southeast Asia (Lecture 2) Decolonization of Southeast Asian countries and their post-colonial developments (New) Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong CDI020160458 28.04.2016

  2. Introduction • Part I: Decolonization and Independence • Part II: Post-colonial Developments • Part III: Regionalism - ASEAN • Part IV: Conclusion • Part V: Further References

  3. Part I: Decolonization and Independence

  4. Colonialism in Southeast Asia Picture which shows reasons for Europeans to explore new places Please use this link to access the picture: https://www.google.com.hk/search?biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=gold+god+glory&oq=gold+god+glory&gs_l=img.3..0j0i8i30l4j0i24l2.58060.63387.0.63705.28.20.7.0.0.0.252.2177.7j8j2.17.0....0...1c.1.64.img..4.16.1685...0i30.M4muptSqMl4#imgrc=fXZTVLqx4KJ1MM%3A

  5. Maps which show the colonies in Southeast Asia Please use this link to access the maps: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=colonies+in+southeast+asia+map&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjep8SC1NnNAhXIKZQKHRsPATkQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=J6VzJ18w8ov4OM%3A

  6. Map which shows the Western-held territories in Asia in 1910 Please use this link to access the map: https://www.google.com.hk/search?biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=western+held+territories+in+asia+1910&oq=western+held+territorie&gs_l=img.3.0.0.50417.53448.0.54864.23.9.0.7.7.0.392.1307.2-2j2.4.0....0...1c.1.64.img..12.11.1313...0i5i30j0i8i30.zuTFXv6J_5Q#imgrc=iCrIqzT1yH-9CM%3A

  7. A map which shows present-day Southeast Asia Please use this link to access the map: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=present-day+southeast+asia&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidw6y1NnNAhUBxpQKHSvtAnsQsAQILA&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=obIKpoLO_gLW2M%3A

  8. Nation-states in Southeast Asia • 1946: The Philippines • 1948: Burma • 1949: Indonesia • 1953: Cambodia, Laos • 1957: Malaya • 1965: Singapore • 1976: Vietnam • 1984: Brunei • 2002: Timor Leste

  9. Decolonization • 1940: The Japanese occupied Vietnam • 1941: The Japanese overran Indochina and launched attacks on the rest of Southeast Asia • 1942: Japanese Occupation began in Southeast Asia • 1945: Japanese Occupation ended in Southeast Asia; Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia’s independence; Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam’s independence • 1946: The First Indochina War began • 1948: The Malayan Emergency began • 1949: The Dutch acknowledged Indonesia’s independence • 1954: The First Indochina War ended • 1957: Malaya achieved independence • 1964: Direct American involvement in Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident • 1975: The Vietnam War ended • 1976: North and South Vietnam were unified and achieved independence

  10. Anti-colonialism • Growth of anti-colonial sentiments • Unhappiness and grievances among the locals for their lives did not improve under colonial rule • Growth of nationalism in Southeast Asia • Nation = a community of people who share a common language, culture and history • Rise of Western-educated local elites • Locals were exposed to modern ideas such as nationalism • Rise of Communism in Southeast Asia • Aimed to achieve greater equality and fairness by establishing a classless society, and to end discrimination and exploitation under colonial rule

  11. World War II and Japanese Occupation • Impact of World War II and the Japanese Occupation • Local mindsets regarding the European colonial powers had changed in Southeast Asia • Shattered the myth of Western superiority • The position of European colonial powers in Southeast Asia was challenged • Increased desire for independence • Japanese oppression strengthened the desire of the Southeast Asian peoples to fight against the reassertion of colonial rule and for independence • Increased local involvement in administration • Locals were involved in the administration during the Japanese Occupation • Provided opportunities for locals to undergo military training • The locals were recruited by the Japanese for military training helped them to pursue their nationalist aims of gaining independence after the Japanese Occupation

  12. Cold War • Southeast Asia became a theatre for the Cold War conflict between the USA and the Soviet Union • Vietnam: American involvement against the Vietnamese communist forces led to a protracted war in Vietnam, whereas the Soviet Union and China increased their support for the Vietnamese communists • Indonesia: USA decided to support the Indonesian Republican government in their fight against Dutch colonial rule and helped to pressure the Dutch to withdraw from Indonesia

  13. Response to Reassertion of Colonial Rule: Revolution • Revolution involves a complete overthrow of an existing order • The French and the Dutch colonial forces were reluctant to grant independence to their former colonial subjects • Non-peaceful revolution and violent struggle, especially when negotiations failed • The result was war • Vietnam, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies)

  14. Response to Reassertion of Colonial Rule: Negotiation • Negotiation provides room for making bargains and allow the parties involved to make face-saving compromises • Negotiations failed in Vietnam and Indonesia • More peaceful means of negotiation can be found in Malaya and Singapore

  15. Independence • An independent nation: • Self-governing • Not subjected to the control of an external authority • Its people are free to mould their own society and chart their own future • Freedom of self-determination

  16. Case Study: Indonesia

  17. A map of Indonesia Please use this link to access the map: http://www.mapsofworld.com/indonesia/

  18. Photo of Sukarno proclaiming the Independence of Indonesia Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence#/media/File:Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg

  19. Declaration of Independence(17 August 1945) We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare Indonesia’s independence. Matters concerning the transfer of power and other matters will be executed in an orderly manner and in the shortest possible time. Indonesian Declaration of Independence Please use this link to access the source: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=proklamasi+indonesia&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXqP6N1dnNAhUGlZQKHdV4CXgQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=OZ79UP1AbkJWzM%3A

  20. Sukarno (1901-1970) Official portrait of President Sukarno Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno#/media/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg

  21. Mohammed Hatta (1902-1980) Photo of Mohammad Hatta Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta#/media/File:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg

  22. A slogan in Indonesia Please use this link to access the slogan: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=better+to+the+hell+than+to+be+colonized+again&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIl7Hv1dnNAhUJkZQKHQsSDSgQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=8wRXNtq0n8_gSM%3A

  23. Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949) • September 1945: Dutch reoccupation of Indonesia • November 1945: Battle of Surabaya • November 1946: Linggadjati Agreement • July-August 1947: First Police Action • September-December 1948: Madiun Revolt • December 1948: Second Police Action • January 1949: UN Security Council’s resolution • December 1949: Round Table Conference • 1950: Indonesia became independent under the Republic of Insonesia

  24. Case Study: Singapore

  25. Map of Singapore Please use this link to access the map: http://www.mapsofworld.com/singapore/

  26. The Plan of the Town of Singapore Please use this link to access the image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Plan#/media/File:Plan_of_the_Town_of_Singapore_(1822)_by_Lieutenant_Philip_Jackson_original.jpg

  27. Colonial Singapore • 1819: Arrival of Stamford Raffles • 1826: Straits Settlements (SS) comprising Singapore, Malacca and Penang • 1832: Headquarters of SS moved from Penang to Singapore • 1867: SS became a British Crown colony • 1942-1945: Japanese Occupation • 1946: SS was dissolved; Singapore became a separate Crown colony

  28. Emergence of Political Parties • Elections of Legislative Council in 1948 and 1951 • Labour Front • Led by David Marshall • Dependent on workers’ support • People’s Action Party (PAP) • Founded on 21 November 1954 led by Lee Kuan Yew • Desired independence through merger with the Federation of Malaya

  29. 1955 Election • Legislative Assembly with 32 members, 25 of them would be popularly elected • PAP, which allied with Chinese-educated leftists, won three seats it contested, including Lee Kuan Yew in the Tanjong Pagar constituency • Labour Front led by David Marshall won 10 seats, who became Singapore’s first Chief Minister

  30. Self-Government vs Independence • Self-government means the transfer of all responsibilities pertaining to local control to leaders in Singapore, except duties concerning internal security, defence and foreign relations • An independent nation is not subject to the control of another power and it does not need to depend on another power for survival

  31. Photos of The Straits Times on 2 June 1959 Please use this link to access the photos: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=2+june+1959+straits+times&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0mcag2NnNAhXCQpQKHfICCSMQ_AUICSgC&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=LydYo9U5u8sYdM%3A

  32. Towards Self-Government • The election of the self-government was held in May 1959 • PAP won 43 out of the 51 seats in the Singapore Legislative Assembly • The leader of the majority party, Lee Kuan Yew, became the first Prime Minister • British Governor in Singapore would be replaced by Head-of-State called the Yang di-pertuan Negara (nowadays President of the Republic of Singapore)

  33. Towards Merger • 9 May 1961: Lee Kuan Yew wrote to Malayan leaders to argue for a merger was necessary to prevent the establishment of a Chinese communist base in Singapore • 27 May 1961: Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malayan Prime Minister, suggested combining Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah (North Borneo) and Brunei to form a new country to be called Malaysia • 1 September 1962: Referendum on merger was held in Singapore • 9 July 1963: Signing of Malaysia Agreement • 16 September 1963: Formation of Malaysia

  34. A poster against the Singapore National Referendum Ordinance in 1962 Please use this link to access the poster:

  35. Malaysia Agreement Please use this link to access the picture: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=malaysia+agreement+1963&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT75Xr2NnNAhWBJZQKHWptDsAQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=ik_lJffXg_YaSM%3A

  36. Photo of The Straits Times on 16 September 1963 “Hail Malaysia” Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=hail+malaysia+straits+times+1963&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj39sWB2dnNAhXGkJQKHfa8AfEQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=41HmVlKH6uW8ZM%3A

  37. Towards Independence • Disagreements over policies • Conflicts over the formation of a common market, taxation, the number of seats in the federal parliament • Objections by other Southeast Asian countries • The Philippines opposed the inclusion of Sabah within Malaysia • Indonesia launched a Confrontation policy against Malaysia and Singapore • Mutual interference in local politics • Malaysia interfered in 1963 Singapore elections; Singapore interfered in 1964 Malaysia elections • Malaysian Malaysia • No special treatment for the Malays as “sons of the soil” (bumiputra) in Singapore • Racial Riots in Singapore, 1964

  38. Riots in Singapore in 1964 Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=1964+racial+riot+singapore&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiklPiw2dnNAhWFjJQKHTR4C6oQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=6D2OfOXieX773M%3A Poster of Racial Harmony Day in Singapore Please use this link to access the poster: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=1964+racial+riot+singapore&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiklPiw2dnNAhWFjJQKHTR4C6oQ_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=fg_tICq_NDaMpM%3A

  39. On 9 August 1965 Photo of Lee Kuan Yew announcing the Independence of Singapore Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=9+august+1965+lee+kuan+yew&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd_6eW2tnNAhVFKZQKHXFGDF8Q_AUICCgB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=BKAjddWTPE7PCM%3A

  40. News headlines of The Straits Times on 9 August 1965 “Singapore is out” Please use this link to access the news headlines: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=singapore+is+out+10+august+1965+straits+times&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLtpv32tnNAhWKopQKHYr1CswQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=_p8x9gg43-sZuM%3A

  41. Part II: Post-colonial Developments

  42. Case Study: Indonesia

  43. Photo of the world leaders marching to relive a 60-year old historical conference in April 2015 at Bandung in Indonesia. Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=bandung+conference+2015&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU0t-U29nNAhUBvpQKHWnZAccQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=UWeOc0ioUuDEXM%3A

  44. Photo of Sukarno, the President of Indonesia attended the Asian-African Conference in 1955 Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=jalan+asia+afrika+bandung+1955&oq=jalan+asia+afrika+bandung+1955&gs_l=img.3...33680.42232.0.42369.30.23.0.5.5.0.210.1703.10j6j1.17.0....0...1c.1.64.img..8.18.1346...0j0i30j0i8i30j0i5i30.fz8C--XiW6c#imgrc=dSyG2HudaDfhXM%3A

  45. Photo of Zhou Enlai (the Premier of China) ,Mohammed Ali (the Prime Minister of Pakistan ) and his wife during the Bandung Conference in 1955 Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=bandung+afro+asian+conference&oq=bandung+afro+asian&gs_l=img.3.0.0i24.90987.96358.0.97801.20.13.2.5.5.0.631.2058.2-1j2j0j2.5.0....0...1c.1.64.img..9.11.1467...0j0i30j0i5i30j0i8i30.6yTsNmahX-k#imgrc=ppN5VY-gnQfMYM%3A

  46. Photo of Mao Zedong and Sukarno Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=mao+zedong+sukarno&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixn_eu3dnNAhUHoJQKHXdeDZQQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=Q3xip6JwDcKPaM%3A

  47. Indonesia under Sukarno • Afro-Asian Non-alignment policy (1955 Bandung Conference) • Guided Democracy (1957-65) • Multi-party parliamentary cabinet replaced by a “mutual cooperation” cabinet advised by a National Council of functional groups • Nasakom doctrine (Nationalism, Islam and Marxism: PNI-Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)-PKI coalition) • PNI = Indonesian Nationalist Party • PKI = Indonesian Communist Party • Confrontation policy against Malaysia and Singapore (1963-1965) • Jakarta-Phnom Penh-Hanoi-Pyongyang-Beijing Axis; withdrawal from UN (1965) • 30 September 1965 coup d’etat • Fall of Sukarno • Rise of Suharto

  48. Suharto (1921-2008) Photos of Suharto and Sukarno Please use this link to access the photos: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=sukarno+suharto&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM1rHE3dnNAhXIKZQKHRsPATkQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=NWNSKWwCUH9aNM%3A The official portrait of President Suharto Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto#/media/File:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg

  49. Photos of Liem Sioe Liong Please use this link to access the photos: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=liem+sioe+liong+ideas&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=965&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj80cX-3dnNAhUBtZQKHSY-DdMQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=OMDQwygRFNzVzM%3A

  50. Suharto’s New Order (1966-1998) • Anti-communism and anti-Chinese movements • Consolidation of power through economic development and growth • Active military role in Indonesian government, economy and society • Close ties between Suharto and a small number of ethnic Chinese conglomerates like Liem Sioe Liong’s Salim Group and Lippo Group • Corruption, nepotism, favouritism • Fall of Suharto in 1998 amidst Asian financial crisis and anti-Chinese riots

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