Planning and Building Disaster Resilient Cities

1. Environment, Climate and Disaster Resilience Global Inclusive Disaster Management Conference (GIDMC) 1st and 2nd July 2019 Planning and Building Disaster Resilient Cities Presentation by: Dr. Kulwant Singh, CEO 3R WASTE Foundation

2. Sustainable Development Goal: 11 • Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable • The urban challenges can be overcome by improving resource use and focusing on reducing pollution. • The future we want includes cities that offer opportunities for all, and which provide access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more. Cities can either dissipate energy or optimize efficiency by reducing energy consumption and adopting green energy systems.  • One of the target of Goal 11 relating to disaster risk management is: • By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels.

3. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction • The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework) is the first major agreement of the post-2015 development agenda, with seven targets and four action priorities for disaster risk reduction. • The Four Priority Areas of the Framework are: • Priority 1. Understanding disaster risk • Disaster risk management should be based on an understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment. • Priority 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk • Disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global levels is very important for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation. • Priority 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience • Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction through structural and non-structural measures are essential to enhance the economic, social, health and cultural resilience. • Priority 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction • The recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is a critical opportunity to build back better, including through integrating disaster risk reduction into development measures.

4. The Paris Agreement • The Paris Agreementis an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and financing climate change projects, signed in 2016. • Under the Paris Agreement, each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming. • The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. • Additionally, the agreement aims to increase the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change, and at making finance flows consistent with a low GHG emissions and climate-resilient pathways.

5. Principles of the New Urban Agenda • The principles of the New Urban Agenda adopted in October 2016 are: compactness, connectedness, inclusiveness and integration. • Integration of these principles can improve disaster risk management, contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as unlock opportunities for sustainable development.

6. Urbanization: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management. • The world is becoming more urban - demographers estimate that 54 per cent of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. • By 2050, world’s population is projected to raise to 66% (UNDESA 2014). As a consequence of this urban expansion, urban land area is expected to triple between 2000 and 2030 (from 400,000 km2 to 1.2 Million km2 ), an enormous challenge & opportunity from the perspective of climate change mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk management.

7. Key Facts and Figures • Cities emit significant and growing amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) - accounting for 37- 49 of total global GHG emissions (IPCC 2014). • The International Energy Agency’s projections indicate that urban energy related GHG emissions will rise from around 67% today to 74% by 2030 (IEA 2008). • The World Health Organization reports that in 2012 around 7 million people died due to exposure to air pollution (WHO 2014). • Urban areas are exposed to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. In coming decades, climate induced extreme events are expected to increase manifold (IPCC 2014). • The World Bank (2013) projects that, in cities in developing countries, the number of people exposed to cyclone and earthquake risks will more than double from 2000 to 2050. • 402 cities have publicly registered 1036 climate change commitments in the NAZCA platform (UNFCC 2015). However, a 2012 study on 894 major Asian cities revealed that only 29 countries (3%) had adopted climate change plans (CDIA 2012).

8. World Urbanization Scenario: Vision 2025

9. Risk Level in Different Countries Source: World Risk Report 2014

10. Asia’s Urban Challenge • Asia’s economic growth is predominantly urban based. • The estimated urban environmental infrastructure investment needed in the Asia-Pacific region is about $100 billion per year (VerenaStreitferdt, CDIA) • Current urban environmental infrastructure investment is about $ 40 billion per year • There is an investment gap of $ 60 billion per year.

11. Disaster Planning Focus on Asian Cities • Hotspots analysis shows that the Asian region is prone to multiple hazards, such as flooding, windstorms, and earthquakes. Source: World Bank

12. Largest Increase in Incidence of Natural Disasters in Asia

13. Largest Amount of Damage from Various Disasters in Asia • In Asia, climatic as well as seismic hazards cause large damages – therefore, there is a need for development of an integrated approach to climate change and disaster risk management.

14. Vulnerability Profile of India • India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of natural as well as man-made disasters. • Over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion. • 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity. • Of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis. • 68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches. • Further, the vulnerability to disasters due to GHG emissions and climate change and has also increased with rapid urbanization.

15. Vulnerability To Various Natural Disasters Land Erosion 3% Earthquake 58% Tsunami 8% Drought 16% Floods 15% Source: National Institute of Disaster Management (https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/safety/ppt/pres1.pdf)

16. Climate Change Risk Management: Initiatives in India National Action Plan on Climate Change • The plan relates to sustainable development, co-benefits to society at large, focus on adaptation, mitigation, and scientific research. • Identifies eight core “national missions "representing multi-pronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals: • 1. National Solar Mission 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat 4. National Water Mission 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem 6. National Mission for a Green India 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture 8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

17. Institutional Structure for Climate Change Risk Management

18. Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Reduction • Climate Change adaptation: • An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits benefit opportunities. • Disaster Risk Reduction: • The broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society, through prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

19. Urban Resilience Governance Networks Institutional, Structural and Organizations Metabolic Flows Production, Supply and Consumption Chain URBAN RESILIENCE Social Dynamics Demographics, Human Capital and Inequity Built Environment Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes • Urban Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and thrive no matter what kinds of chronic emergencies and acute shocks they experience. • The systemic and functional approach advocated by resilience principles reinvents urban development at a time when the share of the world’s urban population will reach 70% by 2050.

20. Qualities of a Resilient City • Resilient cities exhibit certain qualities that enable them to withstand, respond, and adapt more readily to shocks and stress.

21. Strategy Towards Building a Resilient City • The Strategy is a tactical roadmap to build resilience that articulates the city’s resilience priorities and specific initiatives for short-, medium-, and long-term implementation.

22. Resilience Orientation • Initiatives within this resilience strategy are oriented around one of four categories: • Research • Awareness • Enforcement • Implementation • Research is a continuous process and will require constant engagement with institutions and stakeholders • Awareness plays a significant role in achieving the aim of resilience strategy. Some amount of awareness has already been created by engaging stakeholders on the key shocks and stresses • Enforcement also plays a very important role in implementing rules and regulations especially in traffic and pollution management which is now taken care by various agencies • Some of the long term initiatives are aligned towards physical infrastructure development which needs implementation support from urban local body

23. Stakeholder Engagement • Urban Stakeholders are: • Private Firms, Public Entitites, Women, The Elderly, The Marginalized and the Civil Society. • Broad engagement and participation of these stakeholders is necessary for an effective, accountable and transparent decision-making and implementation/action. • Another area is engagement with the academic and private sector. Cities traditionally have served as laboratories of new technology and incubators for innovation. • Today this creative environment is the space in which new climate friendly and resilience building technologies can be developed, replicated, and scaled up. • Cities and urban areas can also be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change related hazards that take place outside of their administrative boundaries, in the region and across the globe. • Therefore, an ecosystem based approach or river basin management approach to urban risk reduction is needed that accounts for upstream and downstream risk drivers.

24. Policy Approaches to Build Resilience • Cities are taking diverse policy approaches to enhance resilience in collaboration with other players, such as the national government, surrounding municipalities, NGOs, local citizens and the private sector. • Urban institutional, policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks need to be reviewed to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, population growth, climate change and disaster risks. • Ensuringengagement of all relevant stakeholders is necessary to engender broad-based support for risk resilience and climate action.

25. Criteria for Identifying Priority Areas

26. Operation and Implementation • Urban vulnerabilities are affected by the extent to which developers and planners understand risk and reflect it in their decision-making. • Local governments must plan for low carbon and resilient urban development to avoid lock-in effects of unsustainable urban models. • Such planning processes need to take into account different cities’ peculiar emission and risk contexts, bearing in mind the urgent challenge of ensuring climate and risk informed development. • Urban planning and development should support reducing emissions from major urban sectors such as transport, buildings and waste management, while at the same time building resilience of urban systems and built environment to withstand the adverse climate impacts and disaster risks.

27. Challenges to a Resilient City

28. Five Key Drivers For Action to Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Urban Planning and Design Governance Key Drivers of Action ICT Urban Economy Participation and Inclusion

29. 1. Urban Planning and Design • A focus on compact, connected, integrated and inclusive cities promotes efficiency of services, systems, the built environment and resource use. • This type of urban development model can bring about a transformative change, enabling low-carbon, energy efficient, risk-informed and resilient urban development pathways. • Compactness can halve the land used per housing unit, lower the costs of providing public services by 10–30%, decrease motor travel and associated costs by 20– 50%, and lower congestion, accident and air pollution.

30. 2. Urban Governance • Urban governance plays a crucial role in enhancing resilience, mitigating climate change, resource efficiency and thus ensuring sustainability. • Cities are composed of complex inter-dependent systems that can be leveraged to support climate mitigation, adaptation, risk management and sustainable development via effective local authorities supported by cooperative multi-level governance. • Governance systems and mechanisms provide greater opportunities for an integrated development approach.

31. 3. Urban Economy, Finance and Investment • Low carbon and resilience oriented urban development requires public and private investment, possibly more than $1 trillion per year to finance the climate-infrastructure gap in low- & middle-income countries (World Economic Forum). • The World Bank estimates that about half of the total cost for "climate-proofing" infrastructure will be for urban-specific infrastructure investments. • The investments, if targeted well, can ensure development of cities as engines of ‘green’ socio-economic development, and build resilience and sustainability from climate change and disaster risk.

32. 4. Inclusion and Participation • Recognizing that a city is as vibrant is as its citizenry, adopting an inclusive and participatory approach will be a principal element of the urban sustainability paradigm. • Participation and inclusion of all groups and communities in planning and implementing climate change, DRM and broader sustainable development actions; raising their quality, viability, impact and longevity (Ayett 2013).

33. 5. Information, Data and Knowledge Management • Data and information is key to designing, building, operating and safeguarding efficient and healthy urban environments. • A wide range of long-term and continuous observations, advanced use of information and communication technologies (ICT), and the transparent sharing of data in a seamless manner will ensure disaster risk management. • CTs have the potential to play a leading role in climate change adaptation in cities and support by developing effective climate and disaster risk management warning systems through high quality data.

34. Future Directions for India • In India, Disaster Risk Reduction (Disaster Management Act 2005) and Climate Change (NAPCC‐ 2008) related institutional, policy and programme framework already exists. • It is now time for  convergence for effective development planning and programming: managing risks and uncertainties for all shocks and stresses as simply good business, particularly in the face of mounting evidence that disasters are hampering development and poverty alleviation.

35. Future Recommendations • To promote resilience it is necessary to consider vulnerability of complex interconnected systems, including institutions, individuals and physical systems. • Resilience should be continuously re-evaluated because vulnerability and risk have dynamic properties. • To promote resilience it is necessary to consider all hazards encountered including extreme events, local impact of global hazards, and chronic damaging processes. • Resilience must be integrated into sectorial policies and governance systems, including the removal of legal and regulatory obstacles. • Resilience should be pursued through an integrated multi-scale approach both for communities and physical systems. • Resilience should be pursued taking into account local culture, resources, built and natural environment and socioeconomic conditions. • Resilience should be designed to be consistent with principles of social and environmental justice and can be strengthened by diversifying the supply chain. • Successful local resilience experiences should be transformed into long-run adaptive practices.

36. Thank you for your attention! 3R WASTE Foundation 128, National Media CentreNH-8, Gurugram -122002 India Phone: +91-124- 2565 -622 Email: Ksingh@waste.nlkulwantsingh2002@gmail.com