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Causes and Consequences of WWI

Explore the fundamental causes of World War I, key battles on the Western and Eastern fronts, reasons for the U.S. entry, events leading to Russia's withdrawal.

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Causes and Consequences of WWI

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  1. Chapter 27 Lesson 1 Review CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!!

  2. What are the four fundamental causes for WWI? Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Next are some examples. Which fundamental cause can you identify?

  3. ethnicity of Serbs & Russians? • Slavic • the three members of the Triple Alliance? • Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy • the three members of the Triple Entente? • Britain, France, & Russia

  4. This was the “powder keg of Europe • Balkan Peninsula • 11. Black Hand terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, called which Balkan state home? • Serbia • 12. The term meaning “a final set of demands” as was issued by Austria to Serbia: • ultimatum

  5. 13. The Schlieffen Plan was designed to take which capital with lightning speed? Paris 14. What was Germany hoping to avoid by taking Paris with lightning speed? a 2-front war 15. This European country was neutral until Germany violated its borders to reach Paris with lightning speed: Belgium

  6. 16. The alliance that formed the Central Powers? Triple Alliance 17. The 4 Central Powers were Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, &…? Germany 18. The warring side of WWI that was formed from the Triple Entente was called? Allied Powers

  7. 19. This country joined the Allies, betraying its Triple Alliance agreement? Italy 20. Full date when WWI began? July 28, 1914

  8. Chapter 27 Lesson 2 Notes

  9. WESTERN FRONT WARFARE • Trench fighting of 700-miles of unbroken parallel line of ditches stretching from • Switzerland to the North Sea with French / British troops versus German troops trenches separated only by a desolate area called • “NoMan’sLand” • Caused by industrialized weapons, resulting with a (whereby no one side gain an advantage over the other) • stalemate, leading to a • warofattrition (each side wears down its enemy’s resources)

  10. EXAMPLES: • The Battle of the Marne (France, 1915): • The SchlieffenPlan is abandoned as • Germany now faces a • 2-front war • The Battle of Verdun (France, 1916): Germany gains only 4 miles in 6 months with total casualties of 500,000 • The Battle of the Somme (France, 1916): Allied (warring nations) • belligerentsgain 5 miles, losing one million soldiers

  11. WWI gas masks British German Italian French

  12. EASTERN FRONT WARFARE • a war of mobilization, but • stalemate common • 2. The Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia, • 1914): Allied Power, • Russia, is crushed and never fully recovers • from this defeat; but continues to force a • two-front war on Germany by continuing to contribute soldiers to the Allied cause in the east, despite its defeat at • Tannenberg)

  13. 3. The GallipoliCampaign [a campaign is any series of battles related to the same objective] (1914): The Allies fail to capture the BosporusStrait and the Strait of the Dardanelles, both of which were controlled by the OttomanTurks; Allied Power, Russia, is now cut off from Allied support and supplies, but continues to fight despite its almost hopeless situation Gallipoli Peninsula Ottoman Empire

  14. THE ITALIAN FRONT: Little effort made by the Italians except to divert Germanyfrom the EasternFront

  15. REASONS WHY THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR I ON APRIL 8, 1917: • 1. from a policy of (remaining uninvolved in world affairs) • isolationism to a policy of • belligerency • 2. British (a one-sided view to encourage support) • propagandaagainst • Germany becomes increasingly persuasive in the U.S.

  16. 3. The ZimmermannTelegram: this dispatch was sent from Germany to the German ambassador serving in Mexico; the message suggested that Mexico should declare war on the United States and reclaim Arizona, Texas, and NewMexico; the telegram is intercepted by Britishintelligence; telegram given to the U.S. government; the U.S. gov’t releases telegram to the press to anger Americans

  17. Germany uses unrestrictedsubmarinewarfare on four U.S. “neutral” merchantships suspected by the Germans of carrying • contraband (illegal war materials) • 5. the 1915 sinking of the British passenger liner, the Lusitania, by Germany with almost 200 Americans on board

  18. 6. President Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany and the rest of the Central Powers “to make the world safe for democracy” and as a “war to end (all) wars”

  19. REASONS WHY RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WORLD WAR I (MARCH, 1917): • defeat in 1914 at the Battle of • Tannenberg • failure of the Allied offensive in the • GallipoliCampaign

  20. Nicholas II is held responsible for the 1905 • event calledBloodySunday whereby 100s • of peaceful protesters were gunned down • by Russian soldiers at the Winter Palace in • St.Petersburg causing a loss of faith in the • czar • war-time food shortages • with severe food rationing • disastrous losses on the • battlefield • Czar Nicholas II abdicates • the Russian throne in March, • 1917, ending a 300-year rule • by the Romanov Dynasty

  21. Czarist rule is followed by a provisional (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky, a • Menshevik, (a moderate socialist) in the Russian legislature, called the • Duma

  22. the radical socialists called the • Bolsheviks, or Communists, come to • power in Russia when Germany secretly • transports exiled Russian • leader, • Lenin, back into the country; • c. Lenin overthrows Kerensky • with a • coupd’etat, promising • “Land, Peace, and Bread,” • the motto of the • Bolshevik (Communist) • Revolution (Nov., 1917)

  23. d. Lenin secretly withdraws Russia from WW I by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany; Allied Powers angry e. Russia becomes embroiled in a 3-year civil war between the Red Army (communists) and the White Army (Allied troops); the Red Communists’ Army wins the civil war

  24. f. the Romanov family is assassinated by the Communists g. Lenin and the Communist Party take totalitarian control of Russia

  25. ENTRY OF THE U.S. IN 1917 LEADS TO DEFEAT OF THE CENTRAL POWERS • by 1918 fresh American troops increase Allied • morale with human and industrial resources • 2. use of American convoys (warships surrounding merchant ships); mines; under-water explosives; airplanes

  26. [Central Powers] • Bulgaria and the • OttomanEmpire are the first and second • respectively to sue for peace • the (Austria-Hungary) • DualMonarchy falls to revolution, ending • the rule of the • Hapsburg Dynasty

  27. Germany’s Wilhelm II (Kaiser Bill) surrenders, • ending the rule of the • Hohenzollern dynasty and the end of the • 2ndReich; • the newly established German • WeimarRepublic signs an • armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) at the • 11th hour (AM) in the • 11th month, on the • 11th day, • 1918.

  28. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE FOLLOWS IN JAN., 1919

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