Light / optics – part 2 (refraction)

1. Light / optics – part 2(refraction) Refraction 12.2-12.3 pg 222 – 236

2. Sub-topics • 1) Principles of Refraction • 2) Snell’s Law & Refractive Index • 3) Total Internal Reflection • 4) Optical Fibres

3. Before We Begin • What is this? Who has this at home? • A new generation of Internet connection – based on optical fibres. • We will study the Physics of optical fibres in this topic.

4. Refraction • Definition: refraction is the bending of light as light passes from one optical medium to another. • Similar to reflection, there is an angle of incidence (i) and an angle of refraction (r) • (applet) • Can you use refraction to explain why white light forms a rainbow when it passes through a prism?

5. Math lesson! Learn Sine and Arc Sine!

6. Snell’s Law • Sine and Arc Sine will be needed to do calculations for the topic of refraction • As previously mentioned, there is an angle of reflection (i) an angle of refraction (r) • Snell’s Law is defined as • (Sin i)/(Sin r) = constant • [verify Snell’s law using applet]

7. Refractive Index • Snell’s Law is very closely related to the concept of “refractive index” • Symbol for refractive index is n (no units) • Refractive Index is a measure of how fast (or how slow) light passes through a medium • There are 3 different ways to define refractive index: • First way: n = (speed of light in vacuum) / (speed of light in medium) • The first definition is also the “official” definition (in your syllabus)

8. Refractive Index • Hence, n for vacuum or air = 1 • n for any other medium >1 • Second way: n = (Sin i) / (Sin r) • IMPORTANT light MUST be coming from air (vacuum) and going into the medium (e.g. glass, water, etc.) • Recall Snell’s Law: (Sin i)/(Sin r) = constant • Can you see how they are related? • The third way will be discussed in the next sub-topic.

9. Refractive Index • Refractive Index (n) is a property of a material. The same material will always have the same n. • [Not in syllabus]

10. Half Time • Magic Trick – Disappearing Coin • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Slas3ik9Lpo • Disappearing Glass & Disappearing Gel • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qH1S83Bkttw

11. Practice Question • If the glass block has a refractive index of 1.5, what is angle x? (hint: need to use arc sine) 60° x

12. Answer Step 1: Draw Normal! Step 2: i = 90 – 60 = 30° Step 3: Check: light going less dense to dense? Ans: Yes! Step 4: Sin i / Sin r = n [IMPORTANT: presentation of working] Sin (30) / Sin r = 1.5 Sin r = Sin (30)/1.5 Sin r = (0.5)/1.5 = 0.3333 (4 sf) r = Sin-1 (0.3333) r = 19.5° (final answer?) No!! Qn ask for x not r!! r = 19.47° (2 dp) x = 90 – r = 90 – 19.47 = 70.5° (1 dp) 30° 60° x r

13. Some Hints • Always draw normal and measure i and r against normal! • Light entering at 90° doesn’t bend • Light bends towards the normal when it is traveling from lower to higher n • Light bends away from the normal when it traveling from higher to lower n • If you need to find n, but light is travelling from medium to air, use (sin r)/(sin i) instead of (sin i)/(sin r) [Qn: How come?]

14. Even more hints! • Sometimes the question uses the term “more dense” or “less dense” • This density refers to Optical Density, it is not to be confused with Physical Density (i.e. Mass / Volume) • More dense means higher n, less dense means lower n • When “less dense” think air • When “more dense” think water or glass

15. Recall from Reflection • 1) Straight surface Single Ray • 2) Curve surface Single Ray • 3) Multiple ray • These case studies can also apply to refraction!

16. Curve Surface Refraction • Just like previously in refraction, draw a tangent, and consider angles i and r using the tangent. • Special case: semi-circular glass block [applet] • Math rule: if a line passes through the center of a circle, it will always be perpendicular to the tangent • Note: Semi-circular glass block is a possible lab experiment for light

17. Multiple Ray Diagram Note: the terms “real depth” and “apparent depth” are not in syllabus But you need to know that the image is more shallow than the object Eye Image Object

18. Did You Know? • [Not in syllabus] • Photographers: What is a fish eye lens? • Why is it called a “fish eye lens”? • Qn: There is a device inside your home (esp if you live in HDB flat) which is also a fish eye lens. What is it? • Ans: Doorviewer

19. Fish-Eye Lens [Not in syllabus] Source: idigitaldarwin.wordpress.com

20. Try this out • 1) Draw a ray diagram of light going from glass to air, n = 1.5, i = 45° • What happened? • 2) Find the angle of incidence when r = 90° • (What did you realize about sin 90?) • There is a special name for this angle, it is called the critical angle, or c

21. Critical Angle (c) • Definition: the angle of incidence in an optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90° • Third definition of refractive index (n): • n = 1 / Sin c • (note: only true when it is ray going from medium to air) • Question: what happens when i > c?

22. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) • Important: Something which only occurs when light is going from more dense (i.e. higher n) to less dense (lower n) • TIR never occurs when light is going from less dense (lower n) to more dense (higher n) • Definition: The complete reflection of a light ray inside an optically denser medium at its boundary with an optically less dense medium • [applet demo]

23. Hints • TIR is a case of reflection! That means angle of incidence (i) = angle of reflection (r) • When ray is going from more dense to less dense, always check if i > c • If i > c, then TIR occurs; i = r • If i < c, then refraction occurs; n = sin r/ sin i • When do you a sin r / sin i calculation and get an error, it is likely that TIR occurs

24. Practice Question • If the glass block has n = 1.5, complete the ray diagram below: 75°

25. Answer n = sin i / sin r 1.5 = sin 75 / sin r r = 40.09° [What happens at the top surface?] [Check for TIR!] n = 1/sin c c = 41.8 [Is i>c? Yes] 49.9° 40.1° 75°

26. Error in Textbook! (check correct page) • Turn to page 192 • There is an error in Figure 10.43 • Who can explain what is the error?

27. Optical Fibre (Not in Syllabus) Source: sensorcentral.com

28. Extra Time! • McGyver overcomes the light sensors trap • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O50bOf_Z2cg • The Engineer Guy: How Fiber Optic Cables work • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MwMkBET_5I

29. Recall - Definitions • 5 definitions to memorize in this subtopic! • Refraction - is the bending of light as light passes from one optical medium to another. • Total Internal Reflection - The complete reflection of a light ray inside an optically denser medium at its boundary with an optically less dense medium • Critical Angle - the angle of incidence in an optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90°

30. Recall - Equations • Snell’s Law: (Sin i)/(Sin r) = constant • 3 equations for refractive index (n): • n = (speed of light in vacuum) / (speed of light in medium) • n = (Sin i) / (Sin r), providedlight coming from air and going into the medium • n = 1 / Sin c, where c is critical angle

31. Recall - Concepts • Refraction as bending of light due to change in medium • Less dense to more dense – bend towards the normal • More dense to less dense – bend away from the normal • Use of Snell’s Law, Sine and Arc Sine to solve refraction problems • Critical Angle & Total Internal Reflection • Optical Fibres – how it works and its advantages

32. Personal Card Feedback • If you think you have not understood: • (a) Principle of Refraction / Snell’s Law – put a colored paper clip on your exit card • (b) Total Internal Reflection / Critical Angle – put a gold paper clip on your exit card