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Forensic Art

Forensic Art. Pathology 4. Forensic Approximation. Forensic approximation is a process that attempts to recreate unidentified person’s likeness Uses several sciences to make accurate predictions Anthropology Osteology Anatomy There is also an element of art. Forensic Approximation.

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Forensic Art

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  1. Forensic Art Pathology 4

  2. Forensic Approximation • Forensic approximation is a process that attempts to recreate unidentified person’s likeness • Uses several sciences to make accurate predictions • Anthropology • Osteology • Anatomy • There is also an element of art

  3. Forensic Approximation • Used for non-criminal applications as well as law • Legally controversial • Fails the Daubert Standard (1993) • Expert testimony • No two experts would derive the exact same conclusion • Not admissable as evidence in court • Can be used as an investigative aid only

  4. Forensic Approximation Forensic approximation of the “Spirit Cave Man,” one of only a few complete skeletons found in the United States over 8,000 years old.

  5. Forensic Approximation • History • First used in 1883 for archeological digs • First study of facial tissue thickness was completed • First used in forensics in 1962

  6. Identification • Two types of identification • Circumstantial • Individual fits the general profile for a set of skeletal remains • Positive • Individual has unique set of characteristics shared with skeletal remains • Facial reconstructions are the most common

  7. Facial Reconstructions • Generally based on skull, photographs, x-rays • Usually require both an anthropologist and an artist • 3 Types • 2D Reconstruction • Hand drawn or computer generated portraits • FACE and CARES software • 3D Reconstruction • Includes sculptures, 3D computer imagery

  8. 3D Facial Reconstruction

  9. Facial Reconstructions • Superimposition • Only useful if there is some idea of the remains’ identity • Places a photograph over x-ray of skull and looks for similarities

  10. Superimposition

  11. Facial Reconstructions • Thorough exam of skull needed • Muscle attachments • Damage, wounds • Shape of skull, eyes, nasal openings • Skull cleaned and damaged areas repaired with wax • Mandible reattached • Eyes inserted • Pegs used to identify typical tissue thickness • Nose is largely an educated guess

  12. Soft Tissue Reconstruction

  13. Limitations of Facial Reconstructions • Insufficient data • Face is extremely complicated • 10 muscle groups in human face • Subtle differences between races, sex, body builds • Cartilage does not remain • No standardization • Different techniques and approaches • Subjectivity • Wrinkles, birthmarks, skin folds

  14. Famous Reconstructions In 2005, forensic anthropologists and artists worked together to create the face of the legendary King Tut.

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