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A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865

A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865. 14.1 The First Modern War. Map. The Two Combatants. Union many advantages 22M people vs 9M (3.3M) slaves Manufacturing, railroads, wealth Confederate advantages Very large country Soldiers highly motivated Patriotism high on both sides.

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A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865

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  1. A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865 14.1 The First Modern War

  2. Map

  3. The Two Combatants • Union many advantages • 22M people vs 9M (3.3M) slaves • Manufacturing, railroads, wealth • Confederate advantages • Very large country • Soldiers highly motivated • Patriotism high on both sides

  4. Soldiers • By 1865 men who served • Union 2M • Confederacy 900,000 • The Draft begins in 1862 • Union – farm boys, shopkeepers, artisans, city workers • Confederacy – small farmers, slaveowning officers

  5. Technology of War • Railroads vital • Junctions like Atlanta & Petersburg targets • Ironclads – revolutionize naval warfare • 1862 Monitor vs. Merrimac • Telegraph, observation balloons, hand grenades, submarines

  6. The Rifle • Grooved barrel = accuracy • Deadly at 600 yards • 620,000 men died = 5M today • New tactics • Heavy fortifications • Elaborate trenches • Advantage defense (Southern armies)

  7. POW Camps & Disease • Primitive medical care killed • Measles, dysentery, malaria, typhus killed • 50,000 men die in military prisons • Starvation & disease • 13,000 Union men at Andersonville, GA

  8. The Public and the War • Propaganda efforts to mobilize public opinion • Pictures, music, pamphlets • Dem. treason, war crimes, • Confederacy does the same • Newspapers print battle results & casualties

  9. Photography • Infant art form – brought the war home • 1862 shocking battlefield images • Antietam & many more • Mathew Brady corps of photographers • Fame & wealth • Art into business

  10. Mobilizing Resources • 1861 both sides unprepared • No national railroad gauge • No national banking system • No tax system • No accurate map of the southern states • Navy too small to blockade south

  11. Union becomes best fed and supplied army in history of world • Confederacy has shortages • Food, uniforms, shoes • Managed to manufacture own weapons • Union generals fail to capitalize • Officers not trained to lead • Wrong plan

  12. The War Begins • In The East the Union goal capture Richmond • 100 mile corridor between DC & Richmond • Army of the Potomac • 1st Bull Run July 1861 • Confederate victory • Shattered belief war would be quick • 800 men die • “Stonewall” Jackson

  13. Gen. Geo. McClellan • Assumes command of A of P • Turned volunteers in to soldiers • Wouldn’t fight • Overestimated enemy size • Democrat • Hopped a compromise would end war • Tried to save lives

  14. The War in the East, 1862 • June ’62 McClellan begins Peninsula Campaign • 100,000 vs. Lee’s Army of Northern VA • Lee stops McClellan in Seven Day’s Campaign • w/drew to DC • Aug ’62 Confederate victory at 2nd Bull Run

  15. Robert E. Lee • Robert E. Lee son of Rev. hero turns down Lincolns offer to run Union Army. • Army of Northern VA

  16. Lee Goes North • Bring border states in • Persuade England & France to recognize South • Influence fall elections • Maybe capture DC

  17. Battle of Antietam, MD • Sept. 17, 1862 • McClellan repels Lee • 4,300 (6300) died, 18,000 wounded • More die than in any other day in US history • Last victory in East for some time

  18. Thomas Bailey AumackHazlet NJ

  19. McClellan Replaced • Nov, 7, 1862 • Lincoln says, “If you don’t want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while” • Gen. Ambrose Burnside - AoP

  20. Fredricksburg, VA • Dec. ’62 • Gen. Ambrose Burnside AoP • Defeated badly by Lee • “It was not a fight, it was a massacre”

  21. The War in the West • Ulysses S. Grant successful in TN • Unsuccessful civilian, but good at war • Feb. ’62 Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson • Survived surprise at Shiloh • Bloody fist fight – 2 days • Union 13,000 kwm – Con. 10,000 kwm • Apr. ’62 Adm. David Farragut captures NO • South’s largest city

  22. Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson • Feb. 6, 16th • TN • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant • First Victories

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