VOCABULARY FOR THIS WEEK: SECULAR : Not subject to or bound by religious rule. Non-religious.

2. VOCABULARY FOR THIS WEEK: SECULAR: Not subject to or bound by religious rule. Non-religious. VERNACULAR: The language or dialect or writing spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. PATRON: A person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity. SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: the thought processes involved in the wide field of scientific activity. ARCHITECTURE:both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures.

3. Changes in Society The Rise of City-States • 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe • Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s • Decrease in population led to: • Increase in food production • Decline in food prices • More money to spend • Specialization in products • a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent nation. • Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south • Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states • Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts The Beginning of the Renaissance

5. What was the Renaissance? What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin? • Italy • Italian Cities • Urban Societies • Major Trading Centers • Secular: Worldly rather than spiritual • Moved away from life in the church • Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

6. Mediterranean Sea connects Europe with Asia.

7. The Renaissance was a time of renewal RenaissanceFrench word for rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague. People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

8. How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance? • Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets • Encouraged the use of credit and banking • Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. • Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. • New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.

9. Italy failed to become united during the Ages. Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art.

10. Milan One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. Major Italian Cities Venice Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade from all over the world. Venice Milan Genoa Florence Controlled by the De Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts. Florence Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea

11. Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

12. Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary • The end justifies the means • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

13. The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

14. Patrons of the Arts Competition Among Patrons • Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art • Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price • Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church • Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks • Florence, Lorenzo de Medicisupported most talented artists • Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Renaissance Art The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.

15. Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion New Techniques also emerged Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form Architecture reached new heights of design

16. Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

17. David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

18. Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

19. Creation of Adam Creation of Eve The Last Judgment Separation of Light and Darkness

20. La Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture

21. Moses

22. 1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer Genius!

23. Mona Lisa

24. The Last Supper

25. Notebooks

26. RaphaelPainter1483-1520

27. The School of Athens

28. Pythagoras Plato and Aristotle Socrates

29. Raphael (back) Euclid Zoroaster & Ptolemy

30. Jan Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) Northern Renaissance

31. Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

32. How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance? Humanism • Celebrated the individual. Focus on Individual not religious life. • Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture • Was supported by wealthy patrons

33. Roots Humanities • Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature • Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch • Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin • Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy • Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture • Characteristics of good education • Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek • Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism • Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment Humanism

34. PetrarchSonnets, humanistscholarship Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374 Assembled Greek and Roman writings. Wrote Sonnets to Laura, love poems in the Vernacular

35. Northern Renaissance • Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. • Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. • The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books led to the spread of new ideas and education across Europe. (Gutenberg’s Bible) helped spread new ideas. Northern Renaissance writers • Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511) • Sir Thomas More—Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.

36. Literature flourished during the Renaissance This can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type. The Bible is the first book to be massed produced

37. A Book Revolution Printing Press • Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenbergcast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing • Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known Printed Word Available to More • Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process • With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper • Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read Italics • Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible • Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively • Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas

38. Spread Renaissance Ideas William Shakespeare • Use of language, choice of themes made plays appealing even to uneducated • Plays helped spread ideas of Renaissance to mass audience • Focused on lives of realistic characters, unlike morality plays • By Shakespeare’s death, 1616, London scene of thriving theatre district • Many believe English playwright WilliamShakespeare greatest writer • Plots not original, but treatments of them masterful • Drew inspiration from ancient, contemporary literature • Knowledge of natural science, humanist topics expressed in plays Shakespeare and His Characters

39. Erasmus Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it” The Praise of Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

40. Sir Thomas More English Humanist Wrote: Utopia A book about a perfect society Believed men and women live in harmony. No private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.