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MINERALS

Explore the fascinating world of minerals, from their formation processes to how their physical properties are used for identification. Learn about gems, ores, and the valuable properties of titanium in biomedicine. Discover the common characteristics shared by all minerals and the major crystal systems.

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MINERALS

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  1. MINERALS

  2. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

  3. What is a Mineral? • A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with crystalline form and definite chemical composition.

  4. The Structure of Minerals Six Major Crystal Systems • Crystals – a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns: Go to Pg. 63 and draw each sample by their pattern name. Due Thursday at the beginning of class. • 1. Cubic • 2. Tetragonal • 3. Hexagonal • 4. Orthorhombic • 5. Monoclinic • 6. Triclinic

  5. Mineral Formation 1. Magma formation- cooling of hot molten rock material -Atoms lose energy and move closer together, patterns. 2. Liquid evaporation- minerals dissolved in liquids -Liquid evaporates atoms of minerals stay & form crystals • Precipitation- alternate material in supersaturated solutions

  6. Mineral Identification • Color 2. Luster • Streak 4. Hardness 5. Cleavage 6. Fracture 7. Crystal form 8. Density 9. Specific gravity 10. Magnetism • Reaction to hydrochloric acid (HCl) • Taste 13. Fluorescence 14. Double refraction

  7. Color • not always diagnostic (feldspar, quartz, fluorite) • Feldspar can be green, pink white, gray, etc.

  8. 2. Luster • Metallic, non-metallic      glassy or vitreous, dull, pearly,      resinous, waxy, adamantine, silky

  9. 3. Streak • Using a unglazed porcelain plate scratch the porcelain and note color, odor if any. • Both of these samples are hematite; both have a reddish-brown streak

  10. 4. Hardness • Moh’s Scale of Hardness (1-10) • Talc 6. Orthoclasefeldspar(Kfeldspar) • Gypsum ____ fingernail 7. Quartz3.Calcite ___ penny (copper) 8. Topaz. • 4.Fluorite ___ iron nail 9. Corundum • 5.Apatite ___ glass 10. Diamond

  11. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

  12. 5. Cleavage • Breakage along planes. Related to crystal structure • 1 direction • (muscovite, biotite) • Muscovite (left)Biotite (right)

  13. 2 directions at 90° • (feldspar, pyroxene) • Pyroxene

  14. 3 directions at 90° (cubic) • (halite, galena) • Halite Galena

  15. 3 directions not at 90°(rhombohedral) • (calcite, dolomite) • Cleavage fragments of calcite Cleavage fragments of dolomite

  16. 4directions (octahedral) • (fluorite) • Cleavage fragments of fluorite Sphalerite 6 directions (sphalerite)

  17. 6. Fracture • irregular breakage (no cleavage), breakage not along smooth planes • Conchoidal fracture • smooth curved fracture surfacesoccurs in quartz, chert, obsidian, glass • Rose quartz and obsidian lacks cleavage; they have conchoidal fracture

  18. 7. Crystal form • Some minerals that may or may not have cleavage GROW (not break) into crystals with flat sides. • quartzpyrite • Quartz crystals

  19. Physical Properties cont. • Density : D=mass/volume • Specific gravity (similar to density) Weight of a mineral divided by weight of an equal volume of water. • Magnetism: Can be picked up by a magnet or may be a natural magnet. • Reaction to hydrochloric acid (HCl) Calcite effervesces in acid. 12. Taste : halite, sylvite 13. Fluorescence: Some minerals glow in the dark under a black light (U.V. light) Due to excitation of electrons

  20. 14.Double refraction • Light passing through the mineral is split into two rays. Causes an optical • "doubling" effect. • Calcite • Calcite has the optical property of double refraction. In the photos above, the same sample of calcite is used. It is rotated over a thin dark line. Examine how the appearance of he line changes in the different orientations of calcite.

  21. Mineral Composition and Groups • 90 elements occur naturally in Earth’s crust. • 98% of the crust is made of only 8 elements 46.6% Oxygen, 27.7% Silicon, 8.1% Aluminum, 5% Iron, 3.6% Calcium, 2.8% Sodium, 2.6% Potassium, 2.1% Magnesium, 1.5% others • 4000+ known minerals, a few dozen are common and these are composed of the 8 common elements

  22. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

  23. Major Mineral Groups • Silicates – SiO2 – silicon, oxygen + element • Carbonates – CO3 • Oxides – element + Oxygen (O2) • Sulfides – element + sulfur (S) • Sulfates- SO4 • Halides – Salts with( +) or( –) ions • Hydroxides- OH • Phosphates – PO4 • Native elements – single elements ( Au, Ag, Cu)

  24. Uses of Minerals • Gems: have crystal structure which allows them to be cut and polished • Rare and beautiful • Brighter and more colorful Ex: Opal

  25. More Gemstones Azurite and Malachite

  26. Ores: are minerals which contain a useful substance which can be mined for a profit. • Bauxite – Aluminum • Hematite – Iron • Sphalerite – Zinc • Chalcopyrite - Copper

  27. Zinc: Sphalerite Copper: For coins, wire Chalcopyrite Ores continued: Waste Rock Removal- Cost –vs- demand: In order to get the ore waste material must be removed first. This may be costly both on the $ end and to the environment. If the cost of the removing of the waste gets higher than the value of the desired material, then it is no longer considered an ore.

  28. Technology and Minerals Rutile: produces Titanium which is lightweight, durable, and nontoxic. Used in bicycles, airplanes, hip replacements. Most titanium is mined from rutile rather than ilmenite because the mining and processing from ilmenite is hazardous to the environment.

  29. Minerals as Paint Pigments Many minerals used as pigments were poisonous Lead, arsenic, mercury. Cinnabar – red (mercury) Greens and blues: malachite and azurite. Dark blue ultramarine: lapis lazuli Ochre: yellow clay containing iron. White: from compounds containing; calcium, zinc, titanium and lead.

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