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Sustainable Electric Power

Sustainable Electric Power. Scott Norr, P.E. EE 1001 September 22, 2015. Electric Power Delivery and Consumption Getting More Complex. More Environmental Issues - SUSTAINABILITY Greater Population Density Larger Variety of Sources, Delivery Methods and Loads

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Sustainable Electric Power

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  1. Sustainable Electric Power Scott Norr, P.E. EE 1001 September 22, 2015

  2. Electric Power Delivery and Consumption Getting More Complex • More Environmental Issues - SUSTAINABILITY • Greater Population Density • Larger Variety of Sources, Delivery Methods and Loads • Aging Infrastructure Undergoing Life Extension • New Technology Blended with Old – Grid is Already Pretty Smart

  3. ELECTRIC DEMAND Demand growing 0.9% per year in U.S. Source: Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook 2013 (www.eia.gov)

  4. World Energy Consumption US – 5% of population using 20% of world resources 505 Quad In 2008 Source: Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (www.eia.gov)

  5. Electric Grid – EfficiencyGeneration is the Weak Link Courtesy of Tom Ferguson Lighting: 100 Lumps IN, 1 Lump OUT???

  6. Electric Generation Changing to Meet Demand • Large, Centralized Plants (Rarely, now) • Small, Modular, Distributed Plants • Also, Siting Renewable Generation where it makes Sense (and Profit)

  7. Large Plants • Environmental Issues • Fossil Fuels • Location/Siting • Outlet Transmission

  8. HydroElectric No Longer “Clean Energy” 3 Gorges Dam – China – 20,000 MegaWatts Hoover Dam – US – 2,000 MegaWatts Eoearth.org

  9. Large Plants (Cont.) • We’ll See New Ideas for Big Plants: • Coal is dirty – so … “Clean Coal”! • Wind and Solar are expensive and intermittent: Large-scale and Storage Needed • Geothermal has limited application: Low-Temp • Biomass puts pressure on agriculture: Cellulose • Nuclear is Tricky: Gen IV Nuclear?

  10. Clean Coal 2% Growth in all Coal Gen, 345 GW in 2012 (Natural Gas is too cheap!!) • Coal Gasification (Combined Cycle) - Low Emmissions • Potential for Carbon Sequestration

  11. WIND25% growth, 60 GW in 2012 • Wind Generators currently very popular (Several Thousand MWs in Upper Midwest • More and more Cost Effective (4 - 5 Cents/KWH) • Not a Cure-All - never windy when you need it most • Difficult to Dispatch Source: Town of Hendricks, MN

  12. Solar Electricity80% growth, 11 GW in 2012 • Photvoltaics • Electricity Directly from Sunlight • Low Conversion efficiency • Fairly High Cost • Solar Potential: • US uses 100 Quad of Energy each year • 38,200 Quad of Solar Energy hits the lower 48 each year • BUT ONLY WHEN THE SUN SHINES …

  13. New Solar Ideas: • 3-D PhotoVoltaic Cells • New Breakthroughs in Nano-Materials greatly increase the effective surface area of a Solar Cell and its ability to catch reflected light • Theoretically 50%-70% efficient • Very High Cost • Solar Concentrators • Simple Idea used in Space – Collect More Sunlight for your Existing Cells - Combine Solar Electric AND Solar Thermal • Graphene??

  14. Current Photovoltaic Technologies www.nrel.gov

  15. Solar Flare greentechmedia.com Fire safety and Electric Safety will lead to new regulations for Solar Panels

  16. Houston, We Have a Storage Problem: Renewables are not “Dispatchable” Courtesy of Tom Ferguson If we could Store energy when available for use when it’s not….

  17. Energy Storage Technology:We’re not ready yet Source: Haresh Kamath, EPRI PEAC

  18. Tesla Power Wall

  19. 92% “DC Efficiency”, Elon? What about AC? 92% under ideal duty for a NEW battery Drops off quickly for irregular charge/ discharge profile Drops off to 80% with age Another 3-5% loss to make AC (Inverter losses) Valøenaa, et. al. – “THE EFFECT OF PHEV AND HEV DUTY CYCLES ON BATTERY AND BATTERY PACK PERFORMANCE

  20. Tesla Economics Tesla adds about $0.10 per kWh to any installation (such as solar or wind) At present in MN, Net Metering Cost Recovery makes this unattractive Future changes to rates (real-time price, PP Tariffs) could change the economics drastically!

  21. Geothermal5% Growth, 3 GW in 2010 • Extract Hot Water from the Earth • Use the Hot Water (low temp) or Flash to Steam (high temp) • 11 GW installed capacity worldwide (2010) • Capacity growing at 5% worldwide (5yr Avg) • Excellent Idea for Home Use – Ground Source Heat Pumps

  22. Binary-Cycle Plant (Geothermal)

  23. Nuclear ….Is It BACK? 0% growth, 100 GW in 2012 • Updated LWR Designs are being permitted • March 11, 2011 – Earthquake in Japan, leading to nuclear reactor meltdown • Next Generation Nuclear Reactors (Gen IV) • Modular (example: 25 MW Modules), add more modules to make a bigger plant • Fuel Flexible – Uranium, Thorium (More abundant resource) • A Promising Design: Pebble-Bed Modular Reactor • Temperature moderated with Helium or Nitrogen • Fuel encased in pebbles – ‘safe’, easy to handle

  24. Pebble-Bed Reactor Source: Black and Veatch

  25. Levelized Electricity Costs for New Plants,2015 and 2030 Incremental Transmission Costs Variable Costs, Including Fuel Fixed Costs Capital Costs 2015 2030 Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2011

  26. DEMAND SIDE • Conservation Through: Market Pricing Efficient Products

  27. IBM Predicts the Future of Electric Energy Use www.ibm.com: “The future of energy and utilities”

  28. Market Pricing • Utilities MUST and will adapt (slowly!) to the changing market: - Energy Prices becoming De-Regulated - Shop around for a better provider - Time of Day Rates - New Equipment to Automate Pricing: - Smart Meters - Smart Appliances

  29. Smart Meters • Talks to Electric Company • Talks to Consumer About Hourly Prices and Hourly Consumption • Tells Appliances what current Price is • Shops Around for a Better Rate? Source: elster.com and en.wikipedia.org

  30. Efficient Products • Smart Appliances run only when energy is cheapest, talk to each other and to the Electric Utility • Passive Solar Thermal Designs and Devices • Energy Efficient Home Designs and Ground-Source Heat Pumps

  31. Sustainability • More than Conservation • More than Smart Energy Use • Being Responsible with ALL resources and Preserving Them for the Future • “7th Generation” Concept

  32. Sustainability at UMD umdsustain.wp.d.umn.edu

  33. CONCLUSIONS New Social Pressures and New Technologies are both changing and complicating the way we convert and use energy In a World with 7.3 Billion People (9 Billion by 2030), We MUST become more mindful of How and Why We Use Energy. (http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf)

  34. WEB References • National Renewable Energy Labs • http://www.nrel.gov/ • Electric Power Research Institute • http://www.epri.com/ • US Dept. of Energy • http://www.energy.gov/ • Energy Information Association • http://www.eia.gov/

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