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Modal Verbs Teaching Modals to Low-Level ESL Students

Modal Verbs Teaching Modals to Low-Level ESL Students. Julian Elias Sac State English Language Institute & Cosumnes River College. single-word, principal, true modals. can c ould will would should. may might must shall. Important? Necessary?.

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Modal Verbs Teaching Modals to Low-Level ESL Students

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  1. Modal VerbsTeaching Modals to Low-Level ESL Students Julian Elias Sac State English Language Institute & Cosumnes River College

  2. single-word, principal, true modals • can • could • will • would • should • may • might • must • shall Important? Necessary?

  3. phrasal modals / modal phrases / modal-like expressions • have to • have got to • ought to • had better • know how to • be going to • be able to • be about to • be to • be supposed to • be allowed to • be permitted to

  4. difficult vocab. • auxiliary • modality • participle • infinitive • semimodals • defective* *A defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation, or one which cannot be used in some other way as normal verbs can. Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain tenses, aspects, or moods.

  5. difficult vocab. • ability • advice • advisability • necessity • obligation • permission • possibility • probability • auxiliary • modality • participle • infinitive • semimodals • defective

  6. difficult vocab. • ability • advice • advisability • necessity • obligation • permission • possibility • probability Suggestion #1: Have your students look up &/or translate these words. • infinitive

  7. Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman “Modal auxiliaries are among the more difficult structures ESL/EFL teachers have to deal with.”

  8. Folse “Modals are small but important words or phrases that allow the speaker or writer to include nuances of meaning for verbs.” “A modal rarely has just one meaning, and rarely is one meaning expressed by only one modal.”

  9. Barry Modals “carry a wide range of different meanings and nuances of meaning…, [and] the meanings are very hard to spell out in exact and predictable terms.”

  10. informal grammar survey38 low/low-intermediate students

  11. common low-level mistakes • Sam did be late yesterday. • Why didSam islate yesterday? • I was sleptlast night. • She was closedthe window ten minutes ago. • Arethey atepizza for dinner last night? • What did they atefor dinner last night? • Does Kate usually hasa salad for lunch? • What didKate usually hasfor lunch? • David isoften liftweights. • Why did she spentthe day at home yesterday?

  12. am/is/are/was/were + present participle • I amplay soccer. (I am playing ….) • do/don’t + base form • Do you playingsoccer? (Do you play…?) • does/doesn’t + base form • He doesn’tplayingsoccer. (He doesn’t play….) • did/didn’t + base form • I’m notplayedsoccer. (I didn’t play….) • I wasn’tplaysoccer. (I didn’t play….) • I wasn’t playedsoccer. (I didn’t play….) • Did he playssoccer? (Did he play…?) • He didn’t playedsoccer. (He didn’t play….)

  13. Azar & Hagen – Ch. 12Modals, Part 1: Expressing Ability • Using can • Pronunciation of can & can’t • Using can – questions • Using know how to • Using could – past of can • Using be able to • Using very & too • Using two, too & to • More about prepositions: at & in for place will, be going to, may & might are in Chapters 10 & 11

  14. Azar & Hagen – Ch. 12Modals, Part 1: Expressing Ability • Using can • Pronunciation of can & can’t • Using can – questions • Using know how to • Using could – past of can • Using be able to • Using very & too • Using two, too & to • More about prepositions: at & in for place Good information & exercises, but… • phrasal modal • phrasal modal • only if enough time only if enough time • only if enough time

  15. Most low-level students have a lot of trouble with phrasal modals.

  16. modal vs. phrasal modal will • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They will eat. • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They will not (won’t) eat. • Will (Won’t) I/you/she/ he/it/we/they eat? • Whywill (won’t) I/you/ she/he/it/we/they eat? be going to • I am going to eat. • You/We/They are going to eat. • She/He/It is going to eat. • I’m not going to eat. • You/We/They aren’t going to eat. • She/He/It isn’t going to eat.

  17. be going to • AmI (not) going to eat? • Are (Aren’t) you/we/they going to eat? • Is (Isn’t) she/he/it going to eat? • What am I going to eat? • What are you/we/they going to eat? • What is she/he/it going to eat? Past tense: • was/wasn’t/were/weren’tgoing to eat

  18. modal vs. phrasal modal can • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They can drive. • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They cannot (can’t) drive. • Can (Can’t) I/you/she/ he/it/we/they eat? • Whycan (can’t) I/you/ she/he/it/we/they drive? be able to • I am able to drive. • You/We/They are able to drive. • She/He/It is able to drive. • I’m not able to drive. • You/We/They aren’t able to drive. • She/He/It isn’t able to drive.

  19. be able to • AmI (not) able to drive? • Are (Aren’t) you/we/they able to drive? • Is (Isn’t) she/he/it able to drive? • Why am I (not) able to drive? • Why are (aren’t) you/we/they able to drive? • Why is (isn’t) she/he/it able to drive? Past tense: • was/wasn’t/were/weren’table to drive

  20. KNOW HOW TO • I/You/We/They know how to drive. • She/He/It knows how to drive. • I/You/We/They don’t know how to drive. • She/He/It doesn’t know how to drive. • Do (Don’t) I/you/we/they know how to drive? • Does (Doesn’t) she/he/it know how to drive? • Why do (don’t) I/you/we/they know how to drive? • Why does (doesn’t)she/he/it know how to drive?

  21. KNOW HOW TO • I/You/We/They knew how to drive. • She/He/It knew how to drive. • I/You/We/They didn’t know how to drive. • She/He/It didn’t know how to drive. • Did (Didn’t) I/you/we/they know how to drive? • Did (Didn’t) she/he/it know how to drive? • Why did (didn’t) I/you/we/they know how to drive? • Why did (didn’t)she/he/it know how to drive?

  22. Azar & Hagen – Ch. 13Modals, Part 2: Advice, Necessity, Requests, Suggestions • ???  only if enough time  only if enough time • Using should • Using have+infinitive • Using must • Polite questions: May I, Could I & Can I • Polite questions: Couldyou & Would you • Imperative sentences • Modal auxiliaries [review] • Summary chart • Using let’s

  23. modal vs. phrasal modal (?) must • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They must do __. • I/You/She/He/It/We/ They must not (mustn’t) do __. • MustI/you/she/he/it/ we/they do __. • WhymustI/you/she/ he/it/we/they do __? have to • I/You/We/They have to do __. • She/He/It has to do __. • I/You/We/Theydon’t have to do __. • She/He/It doesn’t have to do __.

  24. HAVE TO • Do(Don’t) I/you/we/they have to do __? • Does (Doesn’t) she/he/it have to do __? • Why do (don’t) I/you/we/they have to do __? • Why does (doesn’t)she/he/it have to do__?

  25. HAVE TO • I/You/We/They had to drive. • She/He/It had to drive. • I/You/We/They didn’t have to drive. • She/He/It didn’t have to drive. • Did(Didn’t) I/you/we/they have to drive? • Did (Didn’t) she/he/it have to drive? • Why did (didn’t) I/you/we/they have to drive? • Why did (didn’t)she/he/it have to drive?

  26. discussion topics/questions • Pages 4-6 • (Charts on pp. 2, 3, 9 & 10) • (“Common ELL Mistakes” on pp. 10-11) • Please get together with a partner or a small group • We’ll come back together as a whole group to share thoughts & ideas between 10:30 and 10:45

  27. modals in low-level reading textbook(Active Skills for Reading Intro, 3rd ed.) • On Face2Face, you canplay games ___. • What can’tyou do on Face2Face? • How long canyou work in another country? • Lifelong learning canhelp people ___. • Which of the following mightMr. Salinas say? • After you take Workshop 2, you will be able to ___. • At the end of Workshop 4, you will be able to ___.

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