VYTP Virginia Youth Tobacco Project

1. VYTPVirginia Youth Tobacco Project Science, for a Tobacco-Free Virginia

2. Virginia Youth Tobacco ProjectVYTP • What is the VYTP?

3. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

4. VYTP: Our Unique Focus The Problems Associated with Tobacco Use in Virginia by Adolescents Science-based Solutions Tailored Specifically to Vulnerable Individuals and Groups of Youth Why is that focus so important? VTSF’s mission: to reduce, on a long-term basis, tobacco use by adolescents VYTP’s mission: the gathering of scientific forces, and the concentration of minds, on a complex problem, which we can solve only by bringing together expertise from various scientific angles

5. VYTP: Our Unique Focus The Problems Associated with Tobacco Use in Virginia by Adolescents Science-based Solutions Tailored Specifically to Vulnerable Individuals and Groups of Youth The crucial point: VYTP’s coalescence of scientific expertise would not have happened, and will not be sustained at current levels of integration, without VTSF’s mission and resources behind it.

6. Virginia Youth Tobacco ProjectVYTP • What is VYTP’s relationship to VTSF?

7. VTSF • Research • Research Committee • Research Consortium • Contract Management Public Outreach Mass Media Special Events Health Effects Addiction/Prevention School and Community Programs Youth Sales Enforcement VYTP { Tech VCU UVA GMU JMU VYTP Coalition W&M Small Grants

8. Virginia Youth Tobacco ProjectVYTP • What are our aims?

9. VYTP: Goals of Our Program • Etiology: Determine the causes of youth tobacco use and progression to nicotine dependence in general and in vulnerable, sub-populations of youth • Research Translation: Foster new, science-based prevention strategies and interventions • Evaluation: Assess and validate the effectiveness of VTSF prevention programs • Policy Analysis: Provide objective research on the costs and benefits of various use-reduction options • Capacity Building: Increase the scope, quality, and integration of Virginia-based youth tobacco use prevention research • Increased Funding: Leverage VTSF funding to attract additional tobacco research funding to Virginia

10. Virginia Youth Tobacco ProjectVYTP • Who is involved?

11. VYTP:Researchers and Institutions • 56 faculty members in • 35 departments, institutes, centers, and programs at • 6 Virginia universities

12. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

13. Robert F. Smith, Department of Psychology • Karl J. Fryxell, Department of Biology, Center for Biomedical Genomics • Alan H. Christenson, Department of Biology, Center for Biomedical Genomics

14. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

15. Steven W. Evans, School of Psychology, Human Development Center, Alvin V. Baird Attention and Learning Disabilities Center • Charles T. Lockett, School of Psychology • Monica J. Reis-Bergan, School of Psychology • Cheryl E.P. Talley, School of Psychology • Zewelanji N. Serpell, Alvin V. Baird Attention and Learning Disabilities Center

16. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

17. Peggy S. Meszaros, Department of Human Development, Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Youth, and Families • Kay Castagnoli, Department of Chemistry • Neal Castagnoli, Department of Chemistry, Harvey W. Peters Research Center • Helen Crawford, Department of Psychology • Fred C. Piercy, Department of Human Development

18. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

19. Richard J. Bonnie, School of Law • Ruth G. Bernheim, Institute for Practical Ethics • Victor E. Bovbjerg, Department of Health Evaluation Sciences • Gerald L. Clore, Department of Psychology • Bruce P. Dembling, Department of Health Evaluation Sciences • Martha Derthick, Department of Government • Pamela A. Kulbok, Graduate School of Nursing • Marian Moore, Darden School of Business Administration • Michael J. Moore, Darden School of Business Administration • Hyekyun Rhee, Department of Nursing

20. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

21. Joshua A. Burk, Department of Psychology • Robert C. Barnet, Department of Psychology • Pamela S. Hunt, Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Studies in Neuroscience • Todd Mooradian, School of Business Administration • Lisa Szykman, School of Business Administration

22. VYTP: Virginia’s Tobacco Research“Institute Without Walls”

23. Robert L. Balster, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Psychology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies • Faye C. Belgrave, Department of Psychology • Xiangning Chen, Department of Psychiatry • Robert Cohen, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies • M. Imad Damaj, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology • Earl Dowdy, Office of Vice President for Research, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies

24. Lindon J. Eaves, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics • Thomas E. Eissenberg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory • Elizabeth A. Fries, Department of Psychology, Massey Cancer Center • Deborah L. Haller, Departments of Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, and Psychology, VCU • Kenneth S. Kendler, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics • J. Randy Koch, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Division of Addiction Psychiatry

25. Julie A. Linker, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies • Billy R. Martin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Drug Abuse Research • Donna R. Miles, Department of Human Genetics • Michael F. Miles, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology • Roy W. Pickens, Office of Vice President for Research, Department of Psychiatry • Laura E. Plybon, Department of Psychology, Institute for African American Mental Health • Carol A. Prescott, Department of Psychiatry

26. Ramesh Ramakrishnan, Department of Biostatistics • Joseph K. Ritter, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology • Susan E. Robinson, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology • Judy L. Silberg, Department of Human Genetics • Brian Smith, Department of Psychology • Ilene Speizer, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health • Samy Uguy, Department of Psychology • Jenny L. Wiley, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology • Diane Baer Wilson, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Quality Health Care

27. VYTP:Researchers and Institutions • 56 faculty members • 35 departments, institutes, centers, and programs at • 6 Virginia universities

28. Virginia Youth Tobacco ProjectVYTP • What are we doing?

29. VYTP: Organizational Accomplishments to Date • Establishment of VYTP Administrative Core: VYTP Principal Investigators Roy W. Pickens and Robert L. Balster laid plans for the overall project and hired an Executive Director (Earl Dowdy) and a Coalition Director (Randy Koch) to oversee operations. • Sub-awards to Coalition Members: VYTP recruited senior researchers at George Mason University, James Madison Univeristy, the University of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Tech to establish research programs. • Small Grants Program: VYTP issued a Request for Applications for a program of small grants (averaging about $37,000 each) to encourage new researchers to join the VYTP team, to form research collaborations, and to conduct pilot studies that can be used to attract additional outside funding. Based on review by a scientific panel, six projects have been selected, and contracts are pending. • Research Conference: Plans are well underway for a statewide tobacco-research conference, to be held in March 2004, which will bring together researchers from across the state and around the country to exchange information and build knowledge and cooperation

30. Vulnerable Population Studies Media Effects Studies Vulnerable Population Interventions Behavioral Genetics Motivational Studies Neurological and Behavioral Pharmacology Policy Studies Program Performance and Outcome Studies Clinical Behavioral Studies Genetic Epidemiology VYTP: Our Research Program at a Glance Applied Research And Evaluation Basic Research Science Based Prevention Research Translation Risk Factor Determinations Prevention Interventions

31. VYTP Research: Risk Factor Determinations • Behavioral genetics and genetic epidemiology of tobacco initiation and dependence, VCU, GMU, W&M, UVA • Neurological and behavioral pharmacology of nicotine, GMU, W&M, VCU • Characteristics of tobacco vulnerable populations, JMU, VA Tech, VCU • Clinical behavioral investigation, VCU, JMU

32. VYTP Research: Prevention Interventions • Individual motivation regarding tobacco use, JMU, UVA, VA Tech, VCU • Tobacco prevention media effects, UVA, W&M • Tobacco control policies, UVA, VCU • Prevention programs’ performance and outcomes, VCU • Interventions targeted at specific tobacco vulnerable populations, JMU, VA Tech, VCU

33. VYTP: Research Collaboration & Translation

34. Virginia Tech Component:“Psychosocial Risk Factors and Prevention Strategiesfor Adolescent Female Smokersin Virginia”PI: Peggy S. MeszarosWilliam E. Lavery Professor of Human DevelopmentDirector, Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Youth, and FamiliesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

35. Virginia Tech Component: Goals • Identify the risk and protective factors influencing smoking behavior in female adolescents in Virginia. • Identify effective quitting strategies for female adolescents. • Catalog effective program interventions that focus on female adolescent smokers and develop a framework of best practices.

36. Virginia Tech Component: Methods • A literature review on female smoking • Data analysis using the Virginia Adolescent Resiliency Assessment data base. • A compilation of best practices for prevention programs.

37. Virginia Tech Component: Findings • Analysis of the data from the Virginia Adolescent Resiliency Assessment (VARA) • Examined multiple ecological factors (individual, family, peer, school, and community) associated with female adolescent former smokers (FS) and current smokers (CS) in a sample of 2,029 7th-12th grade girls • FS reported (compared to CS) • lower levels of delinquency • less coping by taking drugs • less availability of cigarettes • less alcohol and marijuana use • less depression • fewer suicidal thoughts and fewer suicide attempts • more time in community clubs • higher self-esteem • higher grades • more parental monitoring • more parent attachment and more school attachment • Logistical regression analyses revealed significant differences between CS and FS in their coping by taking drugs, alcohol use, depression, grades, parental monitoring, and perceived availability of cigarettes

38. Virginia Tech Component: Plans • Interview 75 high school sophomore girls and college women who are participating in the National Science Foundation funded study entitled “ITR/PE Women in Information Technology: Pivotal Transitions From School to Careers” about their decision making and smoking behavior. • Analyze data from these interviews. • Evaluate sensory gating and frontal lobe functioning among age and socio-economically matched female adolescents, in collaboration with colleagues Helen Crawford, of the Department of Psychology (VA Tech), and Neal and Kay Castignoli, of the Department of Chemistry (VA Tech). • Publications – 5 journal articles submitted and currently under review. • Grant application in the works.

39. University of Virginia Component“Working Groupon Youth-CenteredTobacco Policy Research”PI: Richard J. BonnieJohn S. Battle Professor of LawDirector, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public PolicyThe University of Virginia

40. University of Virginia Component: Aims • Foster policy research capability that is trans-disciplinary, and relevant to the needs of Virginia. • Clarify the normative issues in tobacco control, especially regarding laws and policies intended to prevent smoking among young people. • Establish the foundation for and initiate policy-related empirical studies, relating to tobacco use among youth.

41. University of Virginia Component: Methods • Biweekly tobacco policy research colloquium. • Eight participating faculty – from the Schools of Law, Business, Nursing, Arts and Sciences, and Medicine • Richard J. Bonnie, School of Law • Ruth G. Bernheim, Institute for Practical Ethics • Victor E. Bovbjerg, Department of Health Evaluation Sciences • Gerald L. Clore, Department of Psychology • Martha Derthick, Department of Government • Pamela A. Kulbock, Graduate School of Nursing • Marian Moore, Darden School of Business Administration • Michael J. Moore, Darden School of Business Administration • 14 sessions over the course of the academic year; discussed a wide range of issues; laid plans for several empirical studies

42. University of Virginia Component: Methods • “Retailer Compliance Study” • “Enforcement of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement: A New Paradigm?” • “The Role of Emotion in Youths’ Reactions to Tobacco Counter-Advertising” • “Relation between Tobacco Policy and Smoking-Induced Low Birthweight” • “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking Behavior”

43. University of Virginia Component: VYTP Small Grants • “Youth Tobacco Control Policy Research: Behavioral and Biological Factors” • PI: Bruce P. Dembling, Senior Research Scientist, UVA Department of Health Evaluation Sciences • “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking Behavior” • PI: Pamela A. Kulbok, Associate Professor, UVA School of Nursing

44. The College of William & Mary: VYTP’s Newest Partner Institution • “Adolescent Nicotine and Alcohol Administration and Cognition,” a VYTP small grants research program • Joshua A. Burk, PI, Department of Psychology, W&M • Robert C. Barnet, Department of Psychology, W&M • Pamela S. Hunt, Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Studies in Neuroscience, W&M • Robert F. Smith, Department of Psychology, GMU • “The Role of Emotion in Youths’ Reactions to Tobacco Counter-Advertising,” a research spin off of VYTP’s UVA Working Group • Marian Moore, Darden School of Business Administration, UVA • Todd Mooradian, School of Business Administration, W&M • Lisa Szykman, School of Business Administration, W&M

45. VYTP:a burgeoning of collaborationacross Virginia universities • The two just mentioned, which involve W&M working with GMU and UVA • “Protective Factors for Tobacco Use Among African American Adolescents.” JMU and VCU • “Youth Tobacco Control Policy Research: Behavioral and Biological Factors.” UVA and VCU • “Protective Factors and Youth Nonsmoking Behavior.” UVA and VCU • Secondary statistical analysis of databases on youth tobacco use. VA Tech and VCU • Small grants review panel. VCU, GMU, JMU, UVA, and VA Tech – along with people from Johns Hopkins, the VA Dept. of Health, and from the VTSF staff

46. VTYP: leveraging an already existing cadre of faculty • Tapping Virginia-based university expertise in tobacco research • Faculty with proven track records in securing funding from NIH and private foundations • Scientists participating in and representing national and international networks of research excellence, e.g. TERN • Attracting young faculty and students hungry to establish themselves in an important arena of research

47. VYTP: Scientific Accomplishments to Date • Established and began work on more than two dozen research projects in 10 areas of tobacco use and prevention • Published 26 scientific journal articles and conference presentations in the first year of program funding

48. Some Findingsfrom VYTP Research • Twin studies show smoking is highly influenced by genetics • 75% for smoking initiation • 80% for regular smoking • 60% for nicotine dependence • Smokeless tobacco use is, conversely, more influenced by peers than by genes • Different genes appear to influence smoking cigarettes vs. cigars and pipes (from work by Ken Kendler and his colleagues at VCU)

49. Some Findingsfrom VYTP Research • Candidate gene and gene expression studies have produced some interesting leads • specific genes – ones related to nicotine’s analgesic effects in both mice and humans – appear to affect the development of nicotine dependence • nicotine activates genes in the brain prefrontal cortex in ways similar to alcohol • nicotine may interfere with brain development in young animals by suppressing the production of certain proteins (from work by Ken Kendler, Billy Martin, and their colleagues at VCU)

50. Some Findingsfrom VYTP Research • Pharmacological and toxicological studies suggest interesting differences between young and older animals and between males and females • young male mice appear to metabolize nicotine faster than do young females and older mice of either sex • young female mice are twice as sensitive to the acute analgesic effects of nicotine than are young males and older mice of either sex (from work by Billy Martin and his colleagues at VCU)