Domains- Kindoms -Phyla OH MY!

1. Domains-Kindoms-Phyla OH MY! 26-28

2. The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • Domains are above the kingdom level. • proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes • domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

3. A bit more Accurate?

4. Why 3, or any domains?

5. Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. • one of largest groups on Earth • classified by shape, mode of nutrition, need for oxygen, and diseases caused • 3.5 billion years old, so evolution has been extensive

6. Bacteria are members of the domain Prokarya and are in a kingdom of their own: Bacteria Bacterial cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells Bacterial cells are found in a variety of shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillium, vibrio Bacterial cells can cluster together: diplo, strepto, staphylo Bacterial cells have murein walls, cell membranes, 70S ribosomes in cytosol, and a nucleoid with naked circular DNA Bacteria lack nucleus, mitochondrion, or chloroplast Bacteria have many modes of nutrition within: photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic Bacteria can do photosynthesis, respiration and fermentation depending upon species Bacteria became endosymbionts in ancient times and evolved into chloroplasts and mitochondria Bacteria can grow very rapidly, dividing every 20 minutes, doubling in both size and number Bacteria move using flagella made of flagellin, but other methods of locomotion are also known Bacteria reproduce by cell division: known as binary fission...not mitosis! Bacterial recombination is achieve by conjugation, but bacteria can receive foreign DNA by transformation and transduction Bacteria respond to light (phototaxis), food (chemotaxis), magnetic field (magnetotaxis), and to each other (conjugation)

7. Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. • cell walls chemically different from some bacteria • differences discovered by studying RNA • known for living in extreme environments

8. Archaebacteria; • developed about 3.5 billion years ago and like to live in enviromentslike early earth • are prokaryotic • live in extreme enviroments such as deep sea vents, hot springs or salty places • are all chemoautotrophic • are anerobic • are unicellular • Lack the peptidoglycanof eubacteria. • Have different membrane lipids than eubacteria. • DNA sequence of archaebacteria is more like those of eukaryotes. • Based on DNA evidence, scientists have suggested that archaebacteria may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.

9. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. • kingdom Protista ????? • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist • kingdom Plantae • kingdom Fungi • kingdom Animalia

10. Bacteria & Disease • Pathogen - a disease causing agent. • Bacteria are harmful because they damage their host's tissues by: • a direct attack on the host's cells. • releasing poisonous toxins. • Heat and cold help protect food from bacterial contamination. • Pasteurization is a common industrial practice that involves heating the product to a temperature that kills most bacteria.

11. Bacteria and Disease 11

12. Bacteria Spreads • By Air - airborne water droplets – sneezing, coughing, spitting - Most airborne diseases affect the respiratory tract – Ex. TB, scarlet fever, whooping cough • By Sexual Contact – Ex. syphilis • By Insects – Examples • Lice- typhus • Ticks- Lyme disease • Fleas- carry bacteria that causes the Plague or “Black Death” • By Touch – Ex. Leprosy, Staph infections • By Contaminated Food/Water – Ex. Cholera, Salmonella and E-coli

13. Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes stomach ulcers 13

14. Leprosy, caused by Mycrobacterium leprae is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers. 14

15. BOTULISM Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic bacteria that can sometimes grow in improperly canned foods. The toxin produced, is oderless and tasteless and can cause flaccid paralysis and death. 15

17. CHOLERA Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae a bacteria which commonly can be found in shellfish. 17

18. DENTAL CAVITIES Cavities are caused a bacterium found in your mouth called Streptococcus mutans which thrives on the sticky film called plaque. So brush your teeth! 18

19. LYME DISEASE Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi which is a bacterium that can be transmitted via the deer tick! 19

20. SALMONELLA Salmonella poisoning can be caused by the bacterium Salmonella spp. Can be found in some undercooked chicken, reptiles, eggs, etc. 20

21. STREP THROAT Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a bacterium that can inhabit the back of the throat, the tonsils and the respiratory tract. 21

22. TUBERCULOSIS Caused by Mycrobacterium tuberculosis. Complications include chronic weakening of the lungs, damage to other organs, and death. 22

23. Common Antibiotics 23

24. Problems with Antibiotic Resistance • Bacteria reproduce quickly. – They mutate. • Antibiotics kill most of the harmful bacteria. • The few that survive will reproduce and are resistant to the antibiotic. • People cause Antibiotic Resistance – Overuse of antibacterial products. – Overuse of antibiotics, not finishing the full course of treatment. – Use of antibiotics in our food supply - cattle, poultry etc.

25. Viruses and Human Disease • Control and Prevention of spread. • Vaccination & Antiviral drugs • Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir, protease inhibitors. • Emerging Viruses – exist in isolated habitats • Do not usually infect humans unless environmental conditions favor contact. • Several viruses are now linked to cancers such as leukemia, liver cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, cervical cancer. 25

26. Jenner was a doctor in the 1700's and found that a certain milkmaid was immune to smallpox she worked around cows who had cowpox So he was able to develop a vaccine based on this information. 26

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28. This was the first kid who got smallpox vaccine which eventually led to the eradication of smallpox 28

29. Dead viruses, vaccines, are injected into a healthy person which activates the immune system. This causes the immune system to have a 'memory' for detecting this harmful virus. If the person comes in contact again with the virus, the immune response is faster. 29

30. HERPES VIRUSES 30

31. After polio infections, the killer T-cell have destroyed the motor neurons that are producing the virus. The result is a loss of muscle control including the diaphragm. The iron lung changes the pressure to pump air in and out of the lungs. 31

32. Which US President had polio? 32

33. F.D.R. 33

34. MYXOVIRUSES BACK 34

35. RHABDOVIRUSES BACK 35

36. RETROVIRUSES An exception to the central dogma. Rna to Dna AIDS- acquired immuno deficiency syndrome Attacks your immune system BACK 36

37. EBOLA virus Ebola is the virus Ebolavirus (EBOV), a viral genus, and the disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The virus is named after the Ebola River Valley in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), which is near the site of the first recognized outbreak, a mission hospital run by Flemish nuns, in 1976 Hemorrhagic fever is serious and deadly. It can cause bleeding from orifices and can be transmitted through saliva and blood

38. References:http://kdhellner.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttp://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/bacteria.shtmlReferences:http://kdhellner.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttp://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/bacteria.shtml