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FACE TO FACE 2

FACE TO FACE 2. FEM 3002 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. VARIABLE AND MEASUREMENT. VARIABLES. Measurable characteristics or properties of people or things that can take on different values. Vary. + Able. Variable . Variables are what is studied by researchers.

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FACE TO FACE 2

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  1. FACE TO FACE 2 FEM 3002 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  2. VARIABLE AND MEASUREMENT rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  3. VARIABLES Measurable characteristics or properties of people or things that can take on different values. Vary + Able rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  4. Variable • Variables are what is studied by researchers. • It have several types: 2 IMPORTANT TYPES • Dependent • Independent rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  5. DependentVariables Indicates whether the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable had an effect • Synonym • Outcome variable • Result variable • Effect • Criterion variable rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  6. IndependentVariables A variable that is manipulated to examine it’s impact on a dependent variable or outcome variable Treatment Synonym • Factor • Predictor rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  7. The dependent variable is placed on the y-axis • The independent variable is placed on the x-axis.

  8. Antecedent variable • An antecedent variable is a variable that occurs before the independent variable and the dependent variable.

  9. AV • Parental Characteristics • Age • Education • Self-efficacy IV DV • Child Characteristics • Age • Sex • Aspiration Parenting Behavior Academic achievement • Family Contexts • # of children • Family income • Parental Marital Q Quality Conceptual Framework for a study on “Predictors of Parenting Behavior and Child Academic Achievement

  10. Types of variables based on Adjectives • Quantitative Variables • Discrete Variables • Continuous Variables • Qualitative or Categorical Variables

  11. A variable that can be measured numerically is called a quantitative variable. The data collected on a quantitative variable are called quantitative data.

  12. A variable whose values are countable is called a discrete variable. In other words, a discrete variable can assume only certain values with no intermediate values. • Example: A household could have: • three children or six children, but not 4.53 children. • two or three cars, but not 2.5 cars.

  13. A variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or intervals is called a continuous variable. • Example: A person can be: • 5.7 inches tall, & 80.1 kg in weight

  14. A variable that cannot assume a numerical value but can be classified into two or more nonnumeric categories is called a qualitative or categorical variable. The data collected on such a variable are called qualitative data.

  15. Definition of Variable: • Conceptual • Operational rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  16. Conceptual definition • Definition that explain the idea/concept the variable is trying to capture. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  17. Operational definition • Definition of how the variable will be measured in practice. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  18. e.g., Variable = academic achievement Conceptual = performance of student in all the courses taken since enrolled. Operational = The accumulative great point average of the student. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  19. MEASUREMENT • Procedure for assigning symbols, letters, or numbers to empirical properties of variables according to rules. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  20. Difficulty in measuring concepts directly (e.g., academic achievement) • Usually measure indicators of concepts (e.g., CGPA) rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  21. Level of measurement determines the type of statistical analysis. • The level of measurement you use depends on how you want to measure an outcome. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  22. Levels of Measurement • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  23. Nominal • Latin word nomin(name) • Variable categorical in nature • Differ in quality not quantity (numbers have no meaning only label) • Characterizes observation into one (and only one) category  mutually exclusive • Solely qualitative • No obsolute zero (0) • Matematical operation not possible. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  24. Ordinal • Describes variables that can be ordered along some type of continuum. • Not only categories, order as well. • Ranking according to various outcomes, e.g., big & little. • No obsolute ‘0’, only relative position; e.g., Zul is taller than Sheereen and Sheereen is taller than Rozumah (no information on how much taller). • Matematical operation not possible. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  25. Interval • Latin word intervalum (spaces between walls). • Describes variables that have equal intervals btw them. • Allow us to determine the difference btw points along the same type of continuum (e.g., the difference btw 300 and 400 is the same as the difference btw 700 and 800; i.e., 100). • 0 is arbitrary (subjective, temporary). • Simple matematical operation. • More precise & convey > info than nominal & ordinal; but must be cautious in interpreting. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  26. Ratio • Latin wordratio (calculation). • Describes variables that have equal intervals btw them & have absolute 0. • Most precise. • Complex matematical operation. • Highest level of measurement. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  27. Summary • Nominal level variables are categorical in nature (lowest level) • Ordinal -- are ranked. • Interval -- have equidistant points along some underlying continuum. • Ratio -- have a true zero (highest level). rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  28. What is the level of these measurements of height? • Precise height measured on a scale with true zero. • Tall and Short (have some meaning, but nature of difference is not known). • A is 5 inches taller than B (know precise difference). • Categorize people into A and B (people different in height). rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  29. RELIABILITY & VALIDITY OF MEASUREMENT rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  30. Reliability and validity are the hallmarks of good measurement. Assessments tools must be reliable and valid, otherwise the research hypothesis may be incorrectly rejected. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  31. Reliability is a practical measure of how consistent and stable a measurement instrument or a test might be. • Reliability is often measured using the correlation coefficient. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  32. Synonyms for Reliability • Dependency • Consistency • Stablility • Trustworthiness • Predictability • Faithfulness rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  33. Types of Reliability • Test-retest • Parallel forms • Inter-rater • Internal consistency rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  34. 1. Test-retest: • A measure of stability. • Examines consistency over time. • Administer the same test/measure at two different times to the same group of participants. • Coefficient: rtest1.test2 rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  35. 2. Parallel Forms • A measure of equivalence. • Examines consistency between forms. • Administer different forms of the same test to the same group of participants. • Coefficient: rform1.form2 rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  36. 3. Inter-rater • A measure of agreement. • Examines consistency across raters. • Have two raters, rate behaviors and determine the amount of agreement between them. • Coefficient: % of agreement. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  37. 4. Internal consistency • A measure of consistently each item measures the same underlying construct. • Examines reliability within a particular set of item. • Correlate performance on each item with overall performance across participants. • Coefficient: Chronbach’s alpha rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  38. Validity • Is the quality of a test doing what it is designed to do. • The test or instrument you are using actually measures what you need to have measured. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  39. Synonyms for Validity • Truthfulness, • Accuracy • Authenticity • Genuineness • soundness rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  40. Types of Validity • Content • Criterion • Concurrent • Predictive • Construct rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  41. Content Validity • A measure of how well the items represent the entire universe of items • Established by asking expert if the items assess what you want them to. • History test = test items ask questions on history not Science. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  42. Criterion Validity • Concurrent validity • A measure of how well a test estimates a criterion. • Established by selecting a criterion and correlate scores on the test with scores on ther criterion in the present. • Good student = test result + reports by lecturers. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  43. ii. Predictive Validity • A measure of how well a test predicts a criterion. • Select a criterion and correlates scores on the test with scores on the criterion in the future. • High merit on STPM/Diploma = Score high CGPA. • Pass driving test = Good driver. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  44. Construct Validity • A measure of how well a test assesses some underlying construct. • Assess the underlying construct on which the test is based and correlate these scores with the scores. • Theoretically and practically sound. • Intelligence test actually measures intelligence. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  45. Relationship between Reliability and Validity • A test can be reliable without being valid but the reverse is not true. • A test can be reliable, but not valid, but a test cannot be valid without first being reliable. • Reliablity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition of validity. • You are answering questions on simple addition, but we called it spelling test! Obviously it is not a test on spelling  lack of validity, does not affect reliability. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  46. POPULATION AND SAMPLE rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  47. POPULATION • Definition A group of potential participants to whom you want to generalize the results of a study. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  48. Generalize : The key to a successful study; because it is only the results that can be generalized from a sample to a population; that research results have meaning beyond the limited setting. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

  49. Not generalize : The sample selected is not an accurate representation of the population. rozumah baharudin, pem 3001 fem 3002, first semester 0405

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