U.S. History 101

1. U.S. History 101 Chapter 9

2. America shifts from an agrarian to manufacturing economy, most notably in New England Growth of the free enterprise system aka capitalism People work outside of the home in specialized jobs Less self-sufficiency leads to more shopping Banking – first appears in the 1780s Loan people money and charge interest thus making a profit Uncontrolled lending led to economic recessions/depressions called “Panics” in 1819, 1837 & 1839 Banks created bank notes rather than deal in specie Market Revolution

4. Manufacturing led to migration to cities from rural areas Standard of living was very poor Unsanitary: no sewage or fresh water Lived in tenements: urban poor people lived in areas with cheap, run-down housing New factories were designed to make Money Thus they paid laborers very little and forced them to work long hours (12+ a day) $3.25 for 72 hour week (deducted $1.25 for room and board) Led to workers going on strike and forming Labor Unions to protect their interests Growth of Northern Cities & Labor

6. The Growth of Cities • 1810: 6% lived in cities • 1840: 12% • Workers spent more time away from the household • Could take care of Children, sick relatives, and elderly family members • Led public institutions such as hospitals and schools began to fill the gap.

7. Inventions and innovations

10. The Rise of the West • Between 1790 and 1840 4.5 million people crossed the Appalachian Mountains • Groups moved west and cooperated with others to clear land , build houses, and barns. • Small farmers and planters with their slaves flowed out of the South to create the new Cotton Kingdom of Alabama

11. Slave trading became a well-organized business shipping Slaves farther South • Coffles: Groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South

12. “King Cotton” – nearly all southern states were dependent on cotton production Virginia and North Carolina stuck with tobacco Industrial revolution, developed factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery. Rural Very few major cities – Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC & New Orleans, LA Very little industry, roads, railroads, or banks Thus dependent on the North and Europe Southern Economy

13. Rise in demand for cotton and opening of new lands in the West to settlement, Whitney’s invention revolutionized American slavery.

15. Southern Population

16. Slave-Owning Families (1850) • Only 25% of Southern white families owned slaves. • Southern farmers who did not own slaves were called yeoman.

17. 1841-1845 430,000 immigrants 1846-1850 1,283,000 immigrants 1851-1855 1,748,000 immigrants 1856-1860 850,000 immigrants 1840s-1860s – First Great Wave Primarily from Ireland and Germany Ireland suffered the Irish Potato Famine Settled in Northeastern cities Germany had a series of failed rebellions Bought farmland in the Midwest Rising Immigration

18. Rise of Nativism • Irish influx greatly enhanced the visibility and power of the Catholic Church. • Archbishop John Hughes of NYC : parochial schools • Feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life “Nativist” • Blamed immigrants for urban crime, political corruption, and fondness for intoxicating liquor and undercutting native-born skilled laborers

19. Transformation of Law • Corporate firm enjoys special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the government: investors and directors are not personally liable for company's debts.

20. Supreme Court Cases

21. Protestants Christian Bible, aka Scripture, is the final authority Salvation can only be achieved through a personal belief in Jesus Demonstrate faith through performing good deeds Evangelical movement focusing on congregations Second Great Awakening