R i v e r V a l l e y C i v i l i z a t i o n s

1. River Valley Civilizations

2. S • Monarchy (king & hereditary rule) • Autocratic style (absolute power) • City states (initially) then empires (heterogeneous) • King- maintain agriculture & order • Harsh law codes (lextalionis) • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) Political Mesopotamia • Agricultural • Trade (internal & external) • Coinage & barter • Cuneiform to keep records • Advanced technology: wheel, chariots, horses, sailing, metallurgy • Slave labor • Upper class education- scribes and merchants Economic • Unique buildings (ziggurats, Hanging Gardens) • Polytheistic • Patriarchal (Power for women=divorce, priestesses, little) • Social classes (highest- king and priests lowest-slaves) • Art & architecture • Heterogeneous • Polygamy in certain situations Social

3. S • Monarchy (king & hereditary rule) • Autocratic style (absolute power) • Centralized* • Pharaoh (god-king) • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) • Law codes Political Egypt • Agricultural • Trade- a lot (internal & external) • Specialized • Hieroglyphs • Advanced technology • Lots of stuff (ostentatious, jewelry, etc.) • Artisans= important Economic • Hierarchy • Class system w/ priests/pharaohs, scribes, merchants/artists, & slave labor • Patriarchal • Women power- scribes, rulers, pictured in art, priestesses, own & inherit property, divorce • Polytheistic • Architecture and engineering Social

4. S • City states- very organized • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) • Grid street pattern • Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro India Political • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Writing- lots of, but we can’t decipher • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy • Lots of art • Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism • Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras • Everyone works together to support (like body) Social

5. S • Monarchy (king & hereditary rule) • Autocratic style (absolute power) during Shang • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) during Shang • Law codes • Mandate of Heaven during Zhou (secular) • Feudalism/land division (decentralized & limited control to king) during Zhou) China Political • Agricultural • Trade with nomads- got Mesopotamian technology indirectly • Bronze (monopoly over gave Shang power) • Writing- pictographs to ideographs • Advanced technology • Iron (later) Economic • Hierarchy • Class system w/ priests the Zhou rulers, & peasants • Patriarchal • Rise of large states and patriarchal family heads in charge of ancestor rites • Tian- heaven • Writing Social

6. S • City states • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) • Law codes • Olmecs- Mesoamerica • Chavin- Andes • Olmec giant basalt heads (possibly leaders) Political America • Agricultural • Trade not w/ Mesopotamia, etc. • No horses, iron, beasts of burden, wheel (no need) • Obsidian • Writing- pictographs, ideographs (not Chavin) • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy (big heads) • Polytheistic • Writing (not Chavin) Social

7. CHINESE DYNASTIES

8. S • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests had power) • Relative centralization • Small Shang Political • Agricultural • Trade (often w/ nomads) • Bronze (monopoly over gave power) • Writing • Advanced technology • Metallurgy Economic • Hierarchy • Class system where priests had lots of power & oracle bones • Patriarchal • Tian- heaven • Writing • Ancestor worship/ filial piety Social

9. S • Mandate of Heaven • Secular- priests had little/no power • Feudalism- division of land • Decentralized Zhou Political • Agricultural • Trade • Iron • Writing • Advanced technology • Metallurgy Economic • Hierarchy • Class system where lords had lots of power • Patriarchal • Tian- heaven • Writing • Ancestor worship/ filial piety Social

10. S • Very centralized • Bureaucracy- organized • Based on Legalism • Autocratic • Qin Shi Huandi • Standardized- currency, law, writing • Precursor to the Great Wall Qin Political • Agricultural • Trade (internal focus) • Iron weapons Economic • Hierarchy (law makers than peasants) • Patriarchal • Ancestor worship/ filial piety • Opposed to any new or old literature that differed from the government Social

11. S • Centralized • Earl- Legalism- laws- less harsh • Confucianism* • Imperial expansion (government sanctioned and organized expansion • Heterogeneous made to be homogeneous (sinification) • Wu Ti- school, scholar gentry, & Civil Service exam Han Political • Agricultural- Yangtze • Trade (Silk Road) • Sericulture • More food led to surplus and a larger population this lead to specialized labor which in turn lead to increased trade Economic • Hierarchy (emperor, scholar gentry/lords, farmers, merchants, mean people/foreigners) • Patriarchal • Ancestor worship/ filial piety • Education increased which lead to • Some social mobility • Social customs (tea ceremony, chopsticks, bowing) to separate from barbarians • Middle Kingdom- middle of the world Social

12. INDIAN Civilizations

13. S • City states- very organized • Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) • Grid street pattern • Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Political • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Writing- lots of, but we can’t decipher • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy • Polytheistic • Lots of art • Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism • Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras • Everyone works together to support (like body) Social

14. S • decentralized Political • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Advanced technology Vedic & Regional Kingdoms Economic • Hierarchy- the caste system • Polytheistic • Writing • Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism • Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras • Everyone works together to support (like body) Social

15. Classical Era Begins. . .

16. S • Centralized • Chandragupta Maurya • Ashoka • Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Maurya Political • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Writing- including Ashoka’s stone edicts • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy/caste • Polytheistic • Some Buddhism spreads • Hierarchy/caste and Hinduism • Decrease focus on caste system Social

17. S • decentralized Political Regional Kingdoms • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy- the caste system • Polytheistic • Writing Social

18. S • Loose centralization • Chandra Gupta Political Gupta • Agricultural • Increase in trade • Writing- • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy/caste • Polytheistic • Increased patriarchy (increased sati) • Hierarchy/caste and Hinduism • Increased focus on caste system due to state sponsorship of Hinduism • Increased jati and courts • Increased literature Social

19. S • decentralized Political Regional Kingdoms • Agricultural • Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external) • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy- the caste system • Polytheistic • Writing Social

20. S Hinduism S Buddhism • Deities (religion) • Goal= moksha • - stop reincarnation • - one with Brahman • - like a physical stepping stone • Get to moksha by fulfilling dharma (duty) • Accept the status quo • Like the caste system • “Violence” accepted as a part of life • No deities (philosophy) • Goal= “Buddha” • - “spiritual understanding” • - Nirvana • - understanding what you’re supposed to do • “Dharma” = 8-fold path • -morality • -not a physical step • More likely to be outraged by social injustice • Disliked the caste system • Non-violent • Similarities: • Vegetarians • Meditate • Reincarnation (& trying to escape it)

21. Middle eaST

22. S • Centralized • Bureaucracy • Achamenid • Satraps and satrapies • Royal roads • Tolerance • Law codes Political • Agricultural • Trade • Advanced technology • Royal roads • Quanats • Capitals Persia- Achamenid Economic • Hierarchy/slavery • Patriarchal • Writing • Zoroastrianism- but it wasn’t state adopted Social

23. S • Centralized • Eventually divided into 3 parts • Law codes Political • Agricultural • Trade • Advanced technology • Aqueducts Persia- Alexander Economic • Hierarchy/slavery • Patriarchal- increase in Persia, but the rights of Greek women increased • Writing • Flourish of literature, science, and math • MASSIVE cultural diffusion Social

24. S • Decentralized • Polis and city states- each with their own gods • Called themselves Hellenes • Not unified • Various governments • Athens=democracy • Law codes Political Greece • Limited food production do to mountainous terrain • Produced olives, grapes, goats • Needed to trade and find wheat/ a food source • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy/slavery • Patriarchal- Sparta was least patriarchal, but in general polis were very patriarchal • Writing • Bronze burial masks- Minoans & Mycenaeans • Epics and mythology (polytheistic) • Anthropomorphic gods • Bisexuality of men was accepted and even promoted Social

25. S • Centralized • “Republic” • Monarchy- Republic- Empire • Twelve tables- law codes • Patricians and plebians • Militaristic Rome Political • Agriculture • Road building • PaxRomana • Trade • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy/slavery • Patriarchal- paterfamilias • Writing • More like Sparta than Athens • Utilitarian • Greco-Roman culture • Polytheistic Social

26. PostCLASSIcalPeriod 600-1450

27. S • Centralized • Emperor co-rules w/ God • Autocratic, theocratic, monarchy, bureacracy • Theme system- general in charge of land w/ all proceeds going to the emperor • Relatively small and compact; not very expansionistic • Justinian tries to re-conquer west & codifies Roman law Political Byzantine Empire • Lots of trade • Lots of food • Lots if luxury goods • Stole silk-making from China • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy • Christian!!!!- state adopted • Less patriarchy than Rome • Writing • Greek speaking • “intellectuals” = education and literacy (old works) • Mosaics Social

28. S • Super decentralized (villages and clans; everyone is in survival mode) • Warfare • 700- Kingdom of the Franks (didn’t last long) • Charlemagne- crowned for Pope to show that he didn’t need the Byzantine creates idea of Holy Roman Empire where Pop crowns German kings • “feudalistic”- developed system but didn’t do a good job land to generals • Outside invaders= Vikings 800-1000 Political Early Middle Ages • Subsistence farming- individuals make everything they need • Internal trade by 1000 • No specialized labor because of instable government and lack of surplus Economic • Hierarchy • Christian! (blended with animism/superstitions) - state adopted • Christian preserve literacy- monastaries • No writing Social

29. S • Centralized • Extreme expansion- wow! • Religious based but not state adopted • Theocratic beginning • Lots of cities • Muhammad/caliphate, Umayyad, Abbasids Political Islamic Empires • Agricultural • TRADERS!!!!!!! Economic • Multi-ethnic • Love education • Arabic= language of religion • Hierarchy & Slaves- rules on how to treat • Writing • Lots and lots of achievements • Rising patriarchy • Tolerant- dhimmi (people of the book, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians), jizya, malawi (converts) Social

30. S • Philosophies helped bounce back • 621 rise of Sui (like Qin, rebuild and short) • Centralized • Sui Early Tang Tang/Song (Golden Age) Late Song • 750- renewal of Confucianism (scholar gentry, bureaucracy, education) • Expansionistic- Korea, Japan, Vietnam (closer= more sinifiedie. Korea farther= less sinifiedie Vietnam) China Political • Agricultural with a rise in rise pproduction • Rise in trade • Advanced technology Economic • Hierarchy • Rise in learning (Early- rise in Buddhism Later-decrease in Buddhism) • Early- less patriarchy Late- increase in patriarchy (footbinding) • Writing • Rise in artisans • Rise in science • Rise in achievements Social

31. S • Decentralized- regional kingdoms • Islam introduced into Northern India • Harsha- brief centralization, promotes Buddhism • Influence SE Asia with Buddhism and Islam • Jatis India Political • Agriculture • Indian Ocean trade Economic • Hinduism/caste system • Patriarchy- less than the Gupta • Rise in achievements Social