History of higher education libraries Reported by: Rochel A. Villar BLIS- 3 June 26, 2010

1. History of higher education librariesReported by: Rochel A. VillarBLIS- 3June 26, 2010

2. Terms • An academic library is a library which serves an institution of higher learning, such as a college or a university— libraries in secondary and primary schools are called school libraries. These libraries serve two complementary purposes: to support the school's curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students. • The University Grants Committee was an advisory committee of the British government, which advised on the distribution of grant funding amongst the British universities. It was in existence from 1919 until 1989. Its functions have now largely been taken over by the higher education funding councils • Provision- something provided; a measure or other means for meeting a need. • Higher education refers to a level of education that is provided at academies, universities, colleges, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes of technology and certain other collegiate-level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools, and career colleges, that award academic degrees or professional certifications.

3. Highlights in the history of books and libraries

6. Development of Academic libraries • In United Kingdom • In the United States of America • In the Philippines

9. 19th Century • Establishment of mechanics institutes • “senior academic” are the ones who perform the role of the librarian • Edward Nicholson at the Bodleian, founder of the Library Association

11. 20th Century The UGC report’s statement “The character and efficiency of a university may be gauged by it’s treatment of its central organ- the library. We regard the fullest provision for library maintenance as the primary and most vital need in the equipment of a university.”

13. Parry Report • Influenced by the new thinking about academic libraries which had been brought about by the creation of new universities • The library had been regarded as symbolic to the universities themselves, and was placed centrally on the campus • Recognized that the libraries are expensive to build and maintain, and recommended that universities should devote a mminimum of around 6% of their revenue expenditure to the library • Introduced library cooperation

15. Atkinson Report • Propose the concept of a “self- renewing” library • Recommended new space norms for libraries • Urged greater cooperation and reliance on interlibrary loan

17. Follet Report Background • Terms of reference: a. )the planned expansion of higher education b. ) the current potential impact of IT on information provision c. )the possibilities of greater cooperation and sharing of capital and recurrent resources • Recommendations: a. ) the development of library buildings b. ) a program of development to enable the exploitation of the potential of information technology

18. Evidence a. ) massive expansion of student numbers b. )very little funding available for capital building projects c. )increase in cost which is far above the annual rate of general inflation d. )changes in teaching and learning methods in institutions • Increasing proportions of mature and part- time students, who tended to make different demands on libraries • Modularization of degree courses • Learning methods which put more stress on student centered learning • A decline in book purchasing by students

19. Recommendations a.) information strategies b.) library expenditure c.) performance indicators d.) staffing and staff management e.) purchasing f.) quality assessment and quality audit g.) space and space management h.) library cooperation in support of reading i.) library provisions and the needs of researchers j.) information technology

20. Academic libraries in the 1990’s • institutions were continuing to epand their student numbers and to compete for recognition of research excellence • Increasing IT capabilities • international collaboration was becoming more significant • The issue of lifelong learning also started to have an impact on academic libraries

22. Anderson report • the report of this body stressed the need for all major libraries in UK to cooperate to ensure that researchers had adequate support • Establishment of the Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP) 1. supporting access to major library holdings 2. collaborative collection management projects 3. research support for humanities and social science collections 4. targeted retrospective conversion of catalogues

23. Research Libraries Network • Would carry out a strategic planning and coordination role alongside the universities themselves, the British library and national libraries of Scotland and Wales

24. Development of Academic Libraries in the USA

25. 19th Century

27. 20th Century

28. Development of Libraries in the Philippines • The Colonial Philippine Library Period (1565-1780) • The first collections came with the Spanish missionaries. The earliest records speak of a private collection in 1583. It was owned by Bishop Domingo de Salazar and was probably the first of its kind in the islands. • Other collections of an academic nature followed: those of the Augustinian Convent of San Pablo, the University of Santo Tomás, and the College of San Ignacio. • Printing was being introduced • Need and urgency made them use the xylographic method to produce the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593, the Doctrina Christiana

29. Philippine library developments during the 17th and 18th centuries had a common feature: the urgently felt need for books. Books from Europe seemed to have poured constantly into the Philippines, as attested to by news from different parts of the Philippine islands. Modest but Modern Philippine Library (1780-1898) • The roots of the modern Philippine library may be traced to the so-called Age of Enlightenment, which seized and dominated European thought during the 18th century. • he Sociedad Económica was established in 1781 by Governor José de Basco y Vargas, and it engaged mostly in the free distribution of books. • Although the libraries of the Sociedad did not yield any record of holdings until 1877, its creation signaled the beginning of a new era in Philippine library history: popular and public reading.

30. A culture of reading, created in the highest strata of Philippine society, motivated the collection of books in private libraries by Filipino scholars and heroes of the 1896 and 1898 Philippine War of the Independence. • This passion for collecting books and the growing interest in library management carried over a library tradition to the 20th century: the scholarly library.

31. Libraries in religious schools and the new secular academic institutions had also grown in importance, pushed by political and ideological forces, but lacking in means and handled by non-professional library staff. • The three seminaries of the Islands, the religious schools in Manila, and the new secular institutions, like the Escuela de Artes y Oficios, had libraries supporting their curriculum. • The University of Santo Tomás had a collection of 12,000 titles, the largest in the archipelago. The library's holdings reached 20,000 by the beginning of the 20th century.

32. Turnover in Philippine Modern Library (1898-1945) • Opening of the American Circulating Library • Establishment of what we know today as librarianship • American pioneers introduced modern library standards, while Filipinos contributed with their collections, scholarly support, and leadership. • But the foundation of Philippine librarianship was forged by Lois Osborn, Mary Polk, and James Robertson in 1914, through the establishment of library courses in the University of the Philippines and the Philippine Normal School. • The universe of the private sector comprised an expanding number of schools and universities, a few business libraries, private collections, and libraries in the houses of religious institutions. In 1941, there were 19 private colleges and universities.

33. Their libraries had grown from small collections, managed by working students and faculty, to comprehensive holdings, maintained by trained librarians and organized according to the new trends. • University of Santo Tomás-which started offering library courses in 1932; the Ateneo de Manila-praised as one of the best organized libraries in the Philippines; the College of San Beda and a few others

34. Modern Libraries for the Philippine Republic (from 1946 to Today) • "The outbreak of World War II in the Philippines in December 1941 tolled the death-knell of almost all the rich depositories of Filipiniana materials in the country. • government libraries, school libraries, and scholarly collections in religious houses, and in most of the private universities were also destroyed or looted. • During this half-century, libraries in the Philippines had undergone re-establishment, organization, and modernization, three stages that provide a fitting division of our analysis into historical periods.

35. The books distributed among the public libraries did not suit the needs of readers, but the University of the Philippines obtained three large shipments of important publications through the University of Michigan and the University of Southern California at Los Angeles. • Librarianship has been pushed through • Increase in the growing body of library professionals resulted to establishments of library organizations • Automation of library services

36. To solve the problem, the conference of 1952 proposed a plan for the improvement of library services outlined in a five-stage draft: (1) regular meetings; (2) cooperative organization and cataloguing; (3) the compilation of a union catalog and a union list; (4) the publication of a monthly listing of combined acquisitions; and (5) cooperation with other government agencies. The implementation of this plan was assigned to a new department, the Interdepartmental Reference Service (IDRS), which spearheaded the establishment of the Association of Special Libraries of the Philippines (ASLP) in 1954.

37. At the turn of the millennium, the collections and services of Philippine libraries reflect both the national identity and the country's level of technical development. Much still needs to be done. The enthusiasm of a few can change a country when their efforts are channeled into training, cooperation, and association. And a strong will is necessary when circumstances are most trying.