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Russia

Russia. Unit EQ: Can an oppressed society become incorporated in the improvement of its future? and Can Russia ever overcome its past history?. Vocabulary. Serf: a person attached to a lord and his/her land (peasant, but works for somebody like a slave)

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Russia

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  1. Russia Unit EQ: Can an oppressed society become incorporated in the improvement of its future? and Can Russia ever overcome its past history?

  2. Vocabulary • Serf: a person attached to a lord and his/her land (peasant, but works for somebody like a slave) • Feudalism: A system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects. King owns land->gives some to nobles for loyalty->peasants and serfs farm the land. People are born in a permanent position in society • Tsar/Czar: Russian for King (from Caesar!) • Autocratic: Absolute and unrestricted rule (dictator-like)

  3. Vocabulary 2 • Boyar: Noble • Kulak: Wealthy peasant who hired labor and had farm equipment • Gulag: Forced labor camp • Westernization: To become more like “the west” (Europe, US) To fill out during presentation: • Peter the Great, Orthodox Christianity, and the Partition of Poland.

  4. Russia Today Why is Geography so important?

  5. What do you know about Russia? • What do you want to know?

  6. Lake Baikal Volga River

  7. Arctic Ocean

  8. Ural Mountains

  9. Taiga

  10. Moscow

  11. Siberia

  12. Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

  13. Russia’s Time Zones

  14. Why is Russia so big? When did Russia expand the most?

  15. Why would Russia want to expand?- Think the US..UK..Japan?

  16. Siberia  “Permafrost” • Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C • 150,000,000 population. • A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

  17. Themes in Russian History • Expansion by conquest. • Need for warm-water ports. • The necessity of a strong, central government.

  18. Early Russia

  19. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  20. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  21. Early Byzantine Influences:Cyrillic Alphabet

  22. Novgorod

  23. Russian Boyars

  24. Russian Expansion

  25. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) • He liberated Russia from the Mongols • Conquered much of the land around Moscow • He began to “centralize” the Russian Gov’t. Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

  26. The Rise of Russia Ivan I - II Ivan III Ivan IV

  27. Russia in the Late 1500s Ivan “The Terrible”(r. 1533-1584)

  28. Why is Ivan IV known as “The Terrible”? • The first half of his reign – • Witness of his mother’s death • Marriage to Anastasia Romanov • Birth of his heirs – 2 sons • Many reforms for Russia • The second half of his reign – • Witness of his beloved wife’s death – • Oprichnina – Oprichnika • Expelled Tatars • Engaged in Wars with Sweden and Poland (not successful)

  29. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) • The Romanov dynasty is established. • The only Russian royal family  lasted for 304 years!

  30. Romanov Dynasty(1613-1917) Romanov Family Crest

  31. After the death of Fyodor III – the BOYAR DUMA named Peter – son of Alexei from his second wife tsar. • This bypassed the rightful heir – IVAN V – because Ivan was an ill and probably handicapped youth. • Boyar – Russian noble • Duma – Russian council/governmental group

  32. Peter assumed full power – but did not overthrow his brother Ivan V – who died in 1696 after having married and produced female children. Peter the Great – 6’8” Peter’s goals for Russia: Westernization/modernization Development of a navy with access to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.

  33. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

  34. Strong, tall, intelligent Tireless Also violent temper, crudeness, and frequent cruelty Peters relatives and boyars resistant to change Gathers people from any rank to become his assistants Valued foreigners Peter’s character

  35. Russia’s Old Enemy – The Ottoman Empire ..needed access to Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

  36. Peter failed in two attempts to take Sea of Azov from Turks Needed allies in order to defeat them “Grand Embassy” (1697) • Peter “secretly” traveled through Europe in an • attempt to secure support for an attack against • the Ottomans • but…. • Peter saw how the West worked—its craftsmen • and its cities – and he vowed to bring Russia into • the modern world!

  37. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-WestFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Technologies, etc. Anti-WestIsolationistXenophobicUltra-Conservative • A few Tsars • Intellectual elites • Merchants/businessmen • Young members of the middle class. • Most Tsars • Russian Orthodox Church • Military • Boyars • peasants REFORM-MINDEDLEADER DEMAGOGUE

  38. Peter Cuts the Beards of His Boyars

  39. Courtiers, officials and military to dress in western fashion Beards removed from boyars With beginning of new century tsar changed the Russian calendar Years to be counted from the birth of Christ – not the beginning of creation Were to commence on the first of January – not September Introduced the newspaper Established the first secular school Ordered potatoes grown; wine to be made from grapes which he began to cultivate After return from west

  40. Execution of the Streltsy Along with his son, Alexei

  41. Tried to reorganize the church in the Lutheran form rather than Muscovite or Byzantine tradition not just one (1) patriarch developed the Holy Synod (10 clerics lead) tries to strengthen and broaden Church schools and improve lot of impoverished secular clergy Church Reforms

  42. Regarded as the founder of the modern Russian army Predecessors had large armies that were poorly organized, technically deficient and generally low quality. Peter instituted general conscription Reorganized and modernized the army Personally introduced a new and up-to-date military manual The modern Russian navy was the creation of Peter the Great Army & Navy

  43. Only one year passed without war during Peter’s reign (1724) Wanted to westernize and modernize all of the Russian government, society, life and culture Did not merely copy the west but tried to adapt Western institutions to Russian needs and possibilities The Reforming of Russia

  44. Builds a new capital on Baltic • Peter begins to build his new capital— • “Window to the West” on the Baltic Sea • years before the end of the Great • Northern War….and calls it “St. Petersburg” • Forces the boyers to move from Moscow to • the cold, desolate capital. • Untold numbers die erecting this “City of • Bones”

  45. Battle of Poltava (1709)

  46. Russia & Sweden After the “Great Northern War”

  47. Russia Under Peter I

  48. Catherine (II) the Great Ruled 1762-1796 -Grandson of Peter the Great married this German Princess -Influenced by European thinkers—believed strong, wise ruler could improve life for subjects • Reformed legal, education systems • Removed restrictions on trade; promoted science, the arts

  49. Cossacks Rebellion • Rebellion of serfs convinced Catherine she needed to strengthen monarchy in rural areas; put local governments in hands of landowners and nobles

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