INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition

1. INTERNATIONALRELATIONS2013–2014 UpdateTenth Edition Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse Chapter Eleven: Environment and Population

2. Windmill and nuclear power plant, Britain, mid-1980s.

3. 11.1 Interdependence and the Environment • Global threats to the natural environment • Actions taken by one state • International environmental politics • Solution of environmental collective-goods problems • First UN conference on international environment • Second conference • Third conference • Fourth conference • Sustainable Development

5. 11.1 Interdependence and the Environment (cont.) • Sustainable natural environment • World’s major fisheries in international waters • Tragedy of the commons • Regimes an important part of the solution of environmental collective-goods problems • Epistemic communities • Hard to manage collective-goods problems

6. TOO MANY COOKS Management of environmental issues is complicated by the large numbers of actors involved, which make collective goods problems hard to resolve (participants may be more tempted to free-ride). Here, 195 countries participate in global warming negotiations in Doha, 2011.

7. Sustainable Development • Economic growth • 1992 Earth Summit

8. 11.1 Interdependence and the EnvironmentQ: The “tragedy of the commons” metaphor suggests which of the following? • National interests should be defined in zero-sum terms • The pursuit of self-interest will result in the greatest good for the greatest number • Solutions to national problems will lead automatically to the solution of international problems • If individuals act out of short-term self-interest, all may suffer in the long run

9. Answer: • D) If individuals act out of short-term self-interest, all may suffer in the long run

10. True/False: • Sustainable economic development is the aim of international efforts to solve environmental problems.

11. Answer: • False

12. 11.2 Managing the Environment • Atmosphere • Biodiversity • Forests and oceans • Pollution

13. MyLab Media • Video. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_mpsk_vcs_1/vcs3_4_deforest_brazil_amazon-comp.html • Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

14. MyLab Media • Simulations: You are the President of Nigeria • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2014_mpsl_sim/ir/simulation.html?simulaURL=11 • Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your usernameand password before accessing this link.

15. NOT SUSTAINABLE Developing countries such as China rely heavily on coal and other dirty technologies for the energy and raw materials they need. As it grows rapidly, China is literally choking on its own pollution. In 2013, the Beijing air quality far exceeded the most dangerous end of the pollution scale. This woman’s mask offers scant protection as she rides past a steel plant in Beijing, 2013.

16. Atmosphere • Global warming • Ozone depletion

18. GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE International treaties have been much more successful at addressing ozone depletion than global warming, mostly because of costs. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol, extended in 2012, set modest goals for industrialized countries to reduce their output of carbon dioxide and related gases, but progress has fallen short. Extreme weather in 2012 offered an early warning sign. Here flooding hits the capital of Indonesia, 2013. If global warming melts polar ice caps in the coming decades, sea levels could rise and devastate many cities.

20. GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE Key delegates huddle at Durban conference, 2011.

21. Biodiversity • Diversity of plant and animal species • Extinction, loss of habitat • Whales, dolphins, tuna

22. GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE Some environmentalists criticize the World Bank and other international institutions promoting economic development in poor countries for interfering destructively in local ecosystems such as rain forests. The green revolution increased yields but shifted patterns of agriculture in complex ways, such as by increasing pesticide and fertilizer runoff. Now genetically engineered crops promise further increases in agricultural productivity—more food on the table—but with environmental consequences that are not fully understood. This gene bank in the Philippines stores rice varieties from around the world.

23. Forests and Oceans • Rain forests • Oceans • Antarctica

24. Prime Minister of Ireland, Enda Kenny

25. Pollution • Acid rain • Water pollution • Toxic and nuclear wastes

27. POISONED WATERS Pollution easily crosses national borders. For example, here industrial waste and sewage in the New River crosses from Mexico into California, 2003.

28. 11.2 Managing the EnvironmentQ: The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea Treaty _________. • Established rules on territorial waterways such as the Suez Canal • Has never been signed by the United States • Created a mechanism for sharing the wealth created by extracting minerals on the ocean floor • Provides a dispute resolution mechanism for territorial water conflicts

29. Answer: • D) Provides a dispute resolution mechanism for territorial water conflicts

30. True/False: • The threat of extinction impacts a limited number of species.

31. Answer: • False

32. 11.3 Natural Resources • World energy • Minerals • Water disputes

35. World Energy • Extraction of resources brings states wealth • Required for operation of an industrial economy • Sources are associated with particular territories • Unevenly distributed • Oil, coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, nuclear • Energy consumption • Energy in international trade • History of oil • Oil shocks in 1970s • Caspian Sea • Pipeline routes

36. Minerals • Metals, other minerals • Different political economy than world energy • Iron ore, copper, tin, bauxite • Agriculture products

37. Water Disputes • Supplies, safe drinking water • Supplies cross international boundaries • Middle East - rivers • International security and the environment • Role of environment • Military activities • Military industries pollute

38. WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE As population growth and economic development increase the demand for water, more international conflicts arise over water rights. Many important rivers pass through multiple states, and many states share access to seas and lakes. The Aral Sea, once part of the Soviet Union but now shared between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was among the world’s largest lakes until it was decimated by the diversion of its water sources to irrigate cotton. This scene shows the former seabed, now 70 miles from shore, in 1997.

39. 11.3 Natural ResourcesQ: Which countries, per capita, are the most energy efficient in the world? • Countries in North America • Middle Eastern countries • European countries and Japan • The former Soviet Republics

40. Answer: • C) European countries and Japan

41. True/False: • Particularly because of industrial pollution, human sewage, and agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, water pollution often crosses borders.

42. Answer: • True

43. 11.4 Population • The demographic transition • Population policies • Disease

45. The Demographic Transition • Difference between rates and rates of death • Agrarian, preindustrial societies • Industrialization • Birth rates fall as people become educated • Structure of population changes • Demographic transition

47. RUB AND TUB Because of the demographic transition, controlling population growth helps economic development and vice versa. Various countries use a wide range of population policies to this end, none stricter than China’s one-child policy for urban couples. These Dutch babies enter a society well through the demographic transition, with plentiful resources for relatively few babies. Here, they cool down after a baby massage class, 2009.

48. Population Policies • Among most important policies • China at one extreme • Pronatalist at other extreme • Women’s status

49. Disease • Infant mortality rate • HIV/AIDS • Other infectious diseases • Smoking • Population and international conflict • Growing population exacerbates all international conflict • Migration another sources of conflict • Ethnic conflicts exacerbated