Objectives and Warm-up

1. TLWBAT- Evaluate and discuss the Early Chinese Dynasties Warm-up What elements of Chinese culture are you familiar with? Objectives and Warm-up

2. Ancient China AMH UHS Mr. Moran

3. What you should focus on… • Pre-Dynastic Rulers • Cultural Heroes • 3 sage kings • Xia Dynasty • Shang Dynasty • Zhou Dynasty • Characteristics of Chinese cultures • Development of Chinese and dynasties

4. Because of Geography, the Ancient Chinese Civilization developed free of external interference Himalaya Mts. (southwest) Takla Makan Desert (west) Gobi Desert (north west) Pacific Ocean (east) Travel and communication was difficult because of geography Mountains and deserts 4 Million square miles About the same size of the US The center of China has two major rivers Yangzi River (Chiang Jiang) Yellow River (Huang He) Loess (yellow-brown dust) The center river valley created the perfect place for a Civilization Fertile Land Communication and transportation with the river Population Agriculture Isolation

6. Farming emerged along the Chiang Jiang and Huang He Silt was deposited by the rivers Grew rice, cereals (millet and wheat) Other sources of food included Fish Beef and other hunted animals Domesticated animals Pigs and sheep While little is know of early settlers, evidence found points to… Towns and villages With walls for defense from foreigners and floods Tool and pottery Cloth Animal pens Cemeteries (with objects left behind) Storage pits Water wells Jewelry (Jade) Evidence of social class Civilization Begins

8. 4 different cultures emerged Yang-shao (near yellow river) Dapenkeng (near East China Sea) Quinglian (Yangtze River) Long-shan (Southern bend of Yellow River) Each one was independent of each other However each culture was still very limited. According to Chinese Oral History 3 Great Kings emerged (3 Cultural Heroes) Fu Xi (creator of writing) Followed by Huai-nan (Farmer King) Huangdi (The Yellow Emperor) first to conquer Defeated his brother The Three Sage Kings- each ruled with great wisdom and promoted the development of life Yao Shun Yü (last sage king and first Dynasty: Xia Ancient China

9. They ruled with perfect wisdom, clarity, and virtue According to beliefs, virtues epochs are followed by chaos Yao (c. 2350 BCE) Shun (c. 2250 BCE) Yu (c. 2205 BCE) These kings ruled the most virtuous period in China The Three Sage Kings

10. The last Sage King – Yü founded the dynasty of Kings (Xia) The Xia Dynasty began full of virtue cruel and materialist rulers brought about the down fall of the dynasty Was considered mythical for many years More evidence has emerged in the last 30 years Evidence of organization Dug Channels to control water Terrible foods People worked together to solve problems Gov. organization Lived in small villages Xia Dynasty (ca 2200-1500 BCE)

11. Identified as the first organized period Originated in the Yellow River valley Present day province of Henan Autocratic Rule with decentralized Aristocratic leaders Leaders served a “generals” Very militaristic rule and control Multiple military campaigns Shang rulers were also high priests traveled to maintain and promote their power No true capital since different rulers used different cities. Moved at least 7 times Multiple cities emerged Centers of religion and organizations Walls protected the cities Most cities focused on agriculture with some specialization The Shang Dynasty 1500-1045 BCE

12. Cont. • The Shang period gets credit for creating the ideology of “kingship” in China • Rulers were Chieftains • The glorification of the king as an indispensable intermediary between the people and the celestial beings. • referred to as Shangdi, or "God above," and later as "Tian," or "Heaven"); • Belief in the divination of the ancestors was an important element of their beliefs. • Divinations were use to bring about good fortune to families and people. • Trade with other civilizations existed and specialization provided source for trade • The silk and porcelain industry was the most sought out resource in China. • Shang silk found in an Egyptian tomb.

13. One of Shang’s advances was writing System of 2,000 symbols Expressed ideas or words Many changes have been made, modern writing is based on Shang style Wrote on cattle bones, turtle shells Oracle Bones Writing

14. In Urban centers People worked on Stones, bones, bronze, clay To make Hairpins, arrow heads, ritual vessels Silk and mulberry farms were very prominent Metallurgy Ritual vessels Cauldrons, cups, goblets, First to use molds Villages were small and compact Village surrounded by farm land Millet was the basic grain Wheat, sheep, cattle, pigs, Specialization and Villages

15. After defeating the Shang’s last ruler, the Zhou Period began. Zhou was a dependent state in the Wei River Valley Adopted Shang culture Propaganda helped the change of rule The idea of the “Mandate of Heaven” kept others from rebelling. 3 Kings get credit of success King Wen (cultured or lettered) King Wu (martial) Duke of Zhou regent for Wu’s heir The “mandate” established rule of emperor thanks to “Heaven”. Emperor was the son of Heaven The ruling class received powers from the priests solidifying rule. All elements of civilization increase in the Zhou Period Construction of cities Population and Agricultural increase Trade Prosperity The Zhou Dynasty 1045-771 BCE

16. Rulers granted land to others in return for… Loyalty Military support Other services Social Class system is in place Zhou King was at the highest level Lords and Warriors received land Paid taxes and provided soldiers Peasants or farmers Bottom of the political/social order Provided all the work Political/Social System Kings Lords and Warriors Peasants or Farmers

18. Royal courts were the scenes of elaborate ceremonies. Music and dance Political propaganda The Glory of Zhou Rule Bonds of obligation between rulers and ruled Fire works and parades Two periods of rule Early Zhou Period 11-9th Centuries BCE Also known as the Western Zhou Period (Capital cites found in the West) Period where all were supposed to be models of morality, fairness, and focused on people’s welfare Eastern Zhou era 8-2nd BCE Relocated to eastern capitals Cont.

19. Decline of Zhou • Lords loyalty lessened • Refused to fight invaders • King who cried wolf • Lords wanted power for themselves • Internal Problems • Changes in Chinese family structure (large families fell apart) • Sons fought each other for inheritance

20. By 771 BCE competing powers cause disjunction in autocratic rule Competition for power emerged Constant Conflicts lead to the era of “Warring States” (480-221 BCE) Iron replaced Bronze as tools Increased in Bureaucratic control Local leaders took power to collect taxes and write down laws Standardize money Oversaw public works Legalism emerged to justify local rule Hobbs any one Eastern Zhou

21. In the mist of political flux, Kongfuzi (551-479 BCE) emerged to provide a new out look to rule The teachings of Confucius include Benevolence (kind, charitable) Non-violence Justice Rationalism Loyalty Dignity Daoism/Taoism- was a second school of thought that emerged during the time of the Warring States Laozi was the most famous Daoist teacher. is believed to have written the book on Daoism Many believe it is a collection of many authors Society

22. Main ideas People should be respectful and loyal to their family members Leaders should be kind and lead by example Learning is a process that never ends Heaven expects people to behave well and act morally Main idea The focus is to follow “Dao” or path of nature. They accept the world as it is Do as little as possible with out fighting natural event Avoid violence or struggle at any cost Confucius and Daoism

23. It is believed that early family structured focused on the Father, son, mother, daughter. Later we add the grandson above the women. Once written records are discovered, the women is subservient to males Male and female roles Confucius and the concept of Ying and Yang define the roles Male has authority over females and family Father arranged marriages and sold family members for labor Male-toughness, active, initiative, leadership Female-passive, subtle, reflective, endurance The Family structure