Section 2 The Rise of Greek City States

1. Section 2The Rise of Greek City States Ian SIkora

2. Geography • “We live around the sea like frogs around a pond” -Plato • Greece is a peninsula • Mainland Greece is mountainous • Cities were formed in valleys • Lack of fertile land • Rocky coast • Mediterranean sea provide food • Also provided accesses to world

3. Governing the city states • City states were small • Largely independent • Developed unique governments • Monarchy- government in which a single ruler holds all political power • Oligarchy- power is held by powerful business class • Aristocracy- power held by land owning elites • Oligarchy's cam as citizens could afford more valuable weapons of war • High tech hard ware led to new tactics • Ex: Phalanx

4. Sparta • Military state • Two monarchs and a council of elders • Children are raised warriors given no luxuries • Girls too took place in rigorous training also • Women could inherit property • Sparta isolated itself from its neighbors • Renowned for military skills

5. Athens • Wealthy merchant state • Gained wealth and prosperity under aristocracy • Later adopted true democracy(Only male Citizens) • Women had no share in public life • Strong navy and military • Boys attended schools • Valued knowledge

6. Forces for unity • Greeks were unified by foreign invasion • Religion • Language • Olympics • Trade

7. Section 3: Victory & Defeat in the greek world By: Vincent Merzacco

8. Persian Wars • 500 BC – Athens emerges as wealthiest Greek city-state • 499 BC – Ionian city-states rebel against Persian rule • Athens attempts to help Ionians, but they were crushed • Athens was attacked by Darius I for interference

9. Results of Persian Wars • Athenians drove out Persia by naval warfare and defeated then in Asia Minor • Victory increased the Greeks’ sense of uniqueness • Organized the Delian League with the other city-states • Evolved into the Athenian Empire

10. Age of Pericles • Direct Democracy – citizens took place in day-to-day activities in the government • Athenians served on juries • Ostracism – vote to banish/send away a public figure • Athens prospered during this age • Rebuilt Acropolis and built new colossal temples and statues

11. The Peloponnesian War • Many Greeks resented Athenian domination • Sparta and other city-states formed the Peloponnesian League to counter the Delian League • Athenians living in the countryside took shelter within the city walls • Over crowdedness soon led to disaster

12. Peloponnesian War • Government had many power struggles • Terrible plague broke out and killed at least 1/3 of population • 404 BC – (With the help of the Persian navy) Sparta captured Athens • Athens however was not destroyed directly

13. Aftermath • Ended Athenian domination of the world • However it still remained the cultural center of Greece • For the next century fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world • Sparta eventually fell to Thebes • Macedonia rose (in the north) • 359 BC – Macedonia poised to conquer the quarrelsome Greek city-states

14. Aftermath • Ended Athenian domination of the world • However it still remained the cultural center of Greece • For the next century fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world • Sparta eventually fell to Thebes • Macedonia rose (in the north) • 359 BC – Macedonia poised to conquer the quarrelsome Greek city-states

15. Minoan Civilization • The Minoan civilization was a Greek Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century to the 15th century BC.

16. Minoan Civilization • The Minoan Civilization reached its height between 1750B.C and 1500B.C

17. Vocab • Shrines- areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses. • Frescoes- watercolor paintings done on wet plaster • Straits- narrow water passages, that connect the Mediterranean and black seas.

18. Mycenaean Civilization • they dominated the Aegean world form 1400B.C to 1200B.C • They were sea traders just like the Minoans • They learned skills from the Minoans like art and writing • They also learned things form the Egyptians and Mesopotamians

19. Minoan Civilization Vanished • In 1400B.C the Minoan civilization Vanished • Archaeologist are not sure of the reason for the disappearance • People think that natural disasters cause for the disappearance

20. The Trojan War • The Trojan War was fought between the Mycenaean’s and Troy • The Trojans kidnapped the Greek kings wife and the Mycenaean's went to rescue her • They battled for 10 years • Then the Greeks finally won and burned troy to the ground

21. The Age Of Homer • Homer created the lliad and the Odyssey • The lliaddescribed the Trojan war • The Odyssey described the struggles of the Greek hero Odysseus returning to his wife Penelope after the fall of Troy

22. Section 4: Alexander and The Hellenistic Age By: Rachel Farrell

23. Alexander the Great Philip II: • Phillip II, king of Macedonia, gained the throne in 354 • Built a superb army • Through bribery, threats, and diplomacy, he formed alliances with Greek city-states, and conquered others • Defeated Athens and Thebes in the battle of Chaeronea and brought all of Greece under his control • Goal: To conquer the Persian Empire • Assassinated at his daughters wedding • His wife, Olympias, outmaneuvered to put their son Alexander on the throne

24. Alexander the Great Conquest of Persia • Alexander began organizing the forces needed to conquer Persia • Won first victory against Persia at the Granicus River • Moved from victory to victory, through Asia Minor into Palestine and to Egypt • 331BC- took Babylon and seized other Persian capitals

25. Alexander the Great Onward To India • Controlled much of the Persian Empire • Headed further East into Northern India • 326BC – faced soldiers mounted on war elephants • Turned back and reached Babylon

26. Alexander the Great Sudden Death • Alexander fell victim to a sudden fever • Empire divided after his death • Macedonia and Greece went to one general • Egypt to another • Persia to a third • Descendants competed for power for 300 years

27. The Legacy Of Alexander A Blending Of Cultures • Alexander founded New Cities • Built Greek temples • Assimilated- absorbed • Blending of Eastern and Western cultures • Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures blended

28. The Legacy Of Alexander Alexandria • Located in Egypt, sea lanes between Europe and Asia • Pharos- enormous lighthouse • Encouraged the work oh scholars • Great Museum

29. The Legacy Of Alexander Women • Women were no longer restricted in their home • Learned to read and write • Royal women held considerable power • Ex. Cleopatra

30. Hellenistic Civilization New Schools of Thought • Rise of new schools of Philosophy • Zeno- founder of Stoicism • Avoid desires and disappointments • Everyone is morally equal

31. Hellenistic Civilization Advances in Learning And Medicine • Pythagoras derived the Pythagorean Theorem • Euclid wrote “the elements", a geometry text book • Heliocentric- sun-centered (Aristarchus) • Eratosthenes- proved that the Earth is round • Archimedes- used physics to make inventions, such as the lever and pulley • 400BC- Hippocrates studied the causes and looked for the cures of illnesses

32. Chapter 3: Section 4 – The glory that was Greece By: Vincent Merzacco

33. Greek Philosophers • Logic – rational thinking • Philosophers – “Lovers of wisdom” • Athens – Sophists – developed skills in rhetoric (skillful speaking) • Turmoil of Peloponnesian War led Athenians to follow Sophists

34. Socrates • Athenian Stonemason & Philosopher • Asked many people about their beliefs • Socratic Method (interrogation) • Athenians saw this as a threat to their traditions • Put to death for failing to respect the gods (70 years old)

35. Plato • Student of Socrates • Set up the Academy after 10 years out of Athens • Wrote The Republic- described his vision of an ideal state • Thought (in general) that men surpasses women

36. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Developed idea of government • Suspicious of democracy in which he thought could lead a mob to rule • (Favored rule by a single powerful leader) • Founded the Lyceum for the study of all branches of knowledge

37. Art & Architecture • Pantheon – temple dedicated to the goddess Athena • Simple rectangle with tall columns supporting the gently sloped roof • Carved figures in rigid poses, much like the Egyptians • (Gods/Goddesses, athletes, and famous men)

38. Poetry/Drama • Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euipides • All were tragedy writers • Tragedy – plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster • Comedies – humorous plays that mocked people or customs