Lignicolous fungi on bait woods from shrimp ponds in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand

1. Lignicolous fungi on bait woods from shrimp ponds in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand Saranya Rakseree, Sudarat Suanjit, Somthawin Jaritkhuan and Apiradee Pilantanapak Faculty of Science Burapha University

2. Introduction

3. Shrimp culture in Thailand • Shrimp culture in Thailand is well established and has been practiced throughout the country for the last 90 years • Since 1989, the focus for development has been shifted to the provinces along the eastern coast; Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, Trat, Rayong and Chonburi • Chathaburi has shrimp farm areas of approximately 38 square kilometers (Tookwinas,1993)

4. Charactors of shrimp pond • man-made marine ecosystem that requires salt water to feed the shrimp • Optimal salinity levels are around 15-20 psu (1.5-2.0%)

5. Typical shrimp ponds have high levels of organic waste, ammonia-nitrogen, and organic matter (Tookwinas, 1993) • The chemical and physical features within ponds are continually changing, making them to be a stress and special environment (Avnimelech and Ritvo, 2003)

6. Rational • Up to date, only soil fungi has been reported from shrimp pond (Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal, 2005) • Lignicolous marine fungi have been reported as important sources of bioactive compounds (Debbab et al., 2010) • Since salinity of water in shrimp pond is similar to natural marine ecosystem with lignicolous fungi are commonly found • Possible that lignicolous fungi in shrimp pond can produce bioactive compound the same as lignicolous fungi in natural marine • To our knowledge of lignicolous fungi from shrimp pond in Thailand has not been reported by other researcher group

7. Objective • To determine the biodiversity and seasonal variation of lignicolous fungi in shrimp pond • To understand the ecosystems of lignicolousfungi in shrimp pond

8. Materials & Methods

9. The study area The study site comprised three shrimp ponds in Chanthaburi province (1236 N, 10156 E) * The pond depth (1.5 m) * surface area (1,600 m2 ) Three stations within each shrimp ponds were randomly selected for wood baiting Chanthaburi

10. sterilized Baiting strategies Placed five pieces of mature mangrove wood (1x2.5 cm) into each nylon bag (12 bags per pond) Put the bags in plastic baskets, attached to metal poles at each station, 50 cm below the water’s surface

11. Sampling strategies • Fungal samples were collected 4 times in April 2010, July 2010, October 2010 and January 2011

12. Woods collecting strategies Retrieved three nylon bags from each pond ( 9 bags per 3 pond) Cleaned and incubated woods at 25°C for one month Microscopic examination and identification Keys Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1991) Hyde and Pointing (2000) Barnett and Hunter (2006)

13. Physicochemicalanalysis • pH • Temperature • Salinity using a multi parameter probe (YSI Model 556 MPS) • Dissolved oxygen (DO) • estimated by azide modification of the iodometric method (Barnett, and Hurwitz, 1993)

14. Fungal diversity index • Simpson’s species richness (D′) • Shannon-Wiener (H′) • Evenness (J′) ′

15. Results& Discussion

16. Table 1 Water parameters within the shrimp ponds at number of sample time points throughout the study

17. Table 2 Occurrence and distribution of fungi

18. Periconia prolifica (97.8%) Luworthia gradispora (88.9%)

19. Antennospora quadricornuta (29.4%) Verruculina enalia (29.4%)

20. Torpedospora sp. (1.1%)

21. Marinosphaera mangrovei (1.1%)

22. Table 3 The species richness, diversity and evenness of fungi found in the shrimp ponds across the study period April 2010 to January 2011

23. Conclusion • The diversity of fungi in shrimp pond similar to the fungi in natural marine ecosystem • The total numbers of fungi recorded were 18 species • The highest number of fungal species was 16 species from the April 2010 sample • Four fungi were commonly encountered (frequency of occurrence >25%), Periconia prolifica, Lulworthia grandispora, Antennospora quadricornuta and Verruculina enalia • Four species of Marinosphaera mangrovei, Corollospora colossa, Corollospora bulbosa, Torpedospora sp. and Monodictys pelagica can be considered as rare fungi (frequency of occurrence <2%)

24. To our knowledge, the current study represents the first group to investigate the biodiversity of lignicolous fungi in Thai shrimp ponds. In the absence of other similar studies, it is suggested that more surveys are needed to document the diversity and distribution of fungi in shrimp ponds

25. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Faculty of Science, Burapha University for partially financial support of this study

26. Thank you

28. Fungal diversity index • percentage occurrence of fungi • Simpson’s species richness (D′) ni= the total number of fungi of each individual species N = the total number of fungi of all species ′

29. Fungal diversity index • Shannon-Wiener (H′) sH′ = -∑ (pi) [ln(pi)]i=1 H′ = the Shannon diversity index Pi= fraction of the entire population made up of species i S = numbers of species encountered • Evenness (J′) Evenness = H´/ LnS H´ = value of SW diversity index s = number of species in community 