Paper 3 Reminders: You must write 3 Essays

1. Paper 3 Reminders: • You must write 3 Essays • They will be roughly chronological & grouped by category • There are 12 sub-categories (2 questions each) = Total of 24 possible questions • You can write ANY 3 • Write about areas that you have studied • AKA – Avoid Canada & Mexico • 2 hours & 30 minutes • 5 minutes pre-writing for each essay • Top of each essay – in response booklet • Circle the 3 questions you have decided to answer • Identify the command terms and important points • 40-45 minutes of writing per essay • Save 5 minutes to double check everything • Review Presidential Doctrines • c/c foreign & domestic policies • Essay options: • Cuba = Latin America • There will be Cold War questions • Ex. Identify the command terms and important points • For example, if a question asked, “To what extent did Roosevelt’s New Deal policies end the Great Depression?” underline To what extent and New Deal policies. This will help you to focus on the demands of the question

2. Paper 3 = 12 Sub-Categories (2 Qs per category): • Independence Movements • Nation Building & Challenges • United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840‑77 • The Great Depression and the Americas 1929‑39 • The Development of Modern Nations, 1865‑1929 • Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880 - 1929 • The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940 • The Second World War and the Americas: 1933-1945 • Political Developments in the Americas After the Second World War: 1945-1979 • This section includes the Cuban Revolution & Rule of Fidel Castro!!!! • Civil Rights and social movements in the Americas • The Cold War and the Americas 1945-1981 • Into the 21st century – from the 1980s to the 2000s Pick the 3 you can answer BEST

3. http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/#/exhibit/71/01 http://millercenter.org/president Foreign vs. Domestic Policies

4. Attacking Paper 3

6. ‘Murican Historiography • USA: • Western Liberal = 1st view or interpretation of events, Capitalism & Democracy = #1, USSR is the aggressor • POVs of American Presidents & advisors • Ex. Dulles, Bundy, Kissinger • Revisionist: The counter argument or anti-thesis • Post-Revisionist: Most recent, blend of orthodox and revisionist elements, new interpretations • John Lewis Gaddis = “The Dean of Cold War Historians” • Marxist • HOA Historiography: • Traditional or Nationalist: 1st to write on the subject, ex. Rhodes, Dunning • Progressive (and or Marxist): Early 20th century, focus on economic impacts & inequities, ex. Beard, Beale • Consensus (neo-Nationalist): Post WWII, 1940s & 50s, unity & strength focus, ex. Wood • New Left (and/or Social historians): 1960s, reject traditional interpretations, ex. Zinn, Foner

7. Independence movements • This section focuses on the various forces that contributed to the rise of the independence movements, the similar and different paths that the movements followed and the immediate effects of independence in the region. It explores the political, intellectual and military contributions of their leaders and the sometimes contradictory views that shaped the emergence of the new nations. • Review Questions: • With reference to one independence movement you have studied, analyse the significance of  foreign aid in helping to achieve independence. (May 2011) • Analysethe reasons why the thirteen American colonies were able to win their independence from the British. (May 2010) • Compare and contrast the role of leadership in the independence movements of two Latin American countries (May 2010) • Compare and contrast the role of leadership in two independence movements of the region. (May 2009) • To what extent were the ideas of the Enlightenment a cause of independence movements in either the United States of Latin America. (May 2008) • In what ways did the Declaration of Independence of 1776 justify the United States separation from Britain? (May 2008) • Compare and contrast the leadership roles of George Washington and Simon Bolivar in the Wars of Independence in the United States and Latin America. (May 2007) • Evaluate the relative impact of economic measures and political ideas, in promoting independence in two colonies of the region. (May 2006) • “Wars of Independence in the Americas were primarily caused by political grievances.” To what extent do you agree with this view? Support your answer with detailed reference to any one war of independence in the period 1775-1824. (May 2005)

8. The US Civil War (causes, events, results)1840-77 • This section focuses on the United States Civil War between the North and the South (1861‑5), which is often perceived as the great watershed in the history of the United States. It transformed the country forever: slavery disappeared following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Northern success marked a victory for the proponents of strong central power over the supporters of states’ rights. It marked the beginnings of further westward expansion and transformed United States’ society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the North and largely destroying the plantation system in the South. The war left the country with a new set of problems: how would the South rebuild its society and economy and what would be the place in that society of 4 million freed African Americans? These changes were fundamental, leading some historians to see the war (and its results) as a “second American Revolution” • http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/ • Review questions: • What were the main causes of the Civil War? • Why was the South willing to risk Civil War? • What was President Lincoln's primary goal in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation? • Evaluate the social, economic, and political achievements of African Americans by the end of Reconstruction. • Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as wartime leaders during the United States Civil War. (May 2011) • “The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the United States Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2011) • “The Civil War in the United States was caused by political disagreements.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2009) • In what ways did the Civil War change the economy and racial relations in the South? (May 2009) • Why, in spite of the advantages of the North over the South, did the Civil War in the United States last so long? (May 2007) • Assess the relative strengths of the North and the South at the beginning of the United States Civil War in 1861. (May 2006)   • “Abraham Lincoln’s leadership was the main reason why the Union won the Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this claim? (May 2005)

9. The Great Depression in the Americas: 1929-39 • This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by governments in the region and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most serious economic collapse in the history of the Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The alternatives that were offered and the adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development in many countries in the region. • Review questions: • What were the main causes of the Great Depression in any two countries in the region?(note: for the second country use Argentina) • How successful was Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal? • What were the long-term results of the New Deal? • Analyse the response to the Great Depression of one Latin American country. (May 2011) • Discuss Hoover’s response to the Great Depression. (May 2010) • Analyse the impact of the Great Depression on one country of the region. (May 2010) • In what ways, and with what success, did the government of one country in the region try to solve the problems of the Great Depression? (May 2009) • “The Great Depression changed governments’ views of their role and responsibilities.” With reference to two countries of the region, to what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2008) • To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support your argument with specific examples from one country of the region. (May 2007) • Analyze the causes of the Great Depression in one country in the Americas. (May 2006) • With reference to one country of the region, analyze the causes of the Great Depression and assess the political impact of the Great Depression on that country. (May 2005)

10. The Second World War and the Americas 1933 – 45 • As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s, resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines the impact of the war upon the Americas. • Review Questions: • Analysethe economic effects of the Second World War in either Canada or one Latin American country. (May 2011) • Examine the military contributions of two countries of the region to the Second World War. (May 2010) • Assess the impact of the Second World War on the economy of one country of the region. (May 2009) • To what extent were attempts at “hemispheric cooperation” successful before and during the Second World War? (May 2008)

11. Political developments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945 – 79 • This section focuses on domestic concerns and political developments after 1945. The majority of states in the Americas experienced social, economic and political changes and challenges. Political responses to these forces varied from country to country: from the continuation of democracy to multi-class “populist” alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the rise to power of new leaders; economic and social policies; treatment of minorities. • Review Questions: • To what extent was Truman successful in his domestic policies as president of the United States (1945-1953). (May 2011) • In what ways did the foreign policy of the United States change during the Eisenhower administration? (May 2011) • “Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was a turning point in the history of relations between North American and Latin America.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2011) • Cuba Specific Questions: • To what extent was Castro able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1990, and what prevented him from achieving more? • “Cuba, unlike other Latin American countries, has created a true social revolution.” How valid is this assessment of the impact of Castro’s regime upon Cuba? • For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba? • Analyse the long-term and short-term causes of the Cuban Revolution (1959). (May 2010) • Assess the reasons for the long survival of Fidel Castro’s regime in Cuba. (May 2009) • “Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba because of the weakness of Batista’s regime.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2008) • For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba? (May 2005) • In what ways did the Cuban Revolution have a powerful impact on relations between the US and Latin America? (Nov 2005) • Explain why the Cuban Missile Crisis did not cause a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. (Nov 2001) • ‘Castro’s rule in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 was mainly successful.’ How far do you agree with this claim? • Cuba Historiography: The Castros are still alive!!! • Granma • The Real story of the Cuban Missile Crisis • Foreign Affairs Article à Dominguez • Arthur Schlesinger Jr. = Historian of the Kennedys • Castro speeches (ex. History will absolve me), Che sources

13. Civil rights and social movements in the Americas (after 1945) • This section focuses on the origins, nature, challenges and achievements of civil rights movements after 1945. Movements represented the attempts to achieve equality for groups that were not recognized or accepted as full members of society. The groups challenged established authority and entrenched attitudes. • Review Questions: • In what ways did the Civil Rights Movement of Native Americans change during the 1960s? • Support your views with examples of two countries from the region. (May 2010) • How did Malcolm X and the Black Panthers affect the goals of the Civil Rights Movement? (May 2010) • “Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X had similar philosophies but used different methods to campaign for civil rights.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2009) • With reference to two United States presidencies between 1945-1969, assess the role of the US Federal Government in the achievement of African-American civil rights. (May 2008) • Evaluate the impact of Black Power on the civil rights movement in the US during the second half of the 1960s. (May 2005) • Compare and contrast the impact of the African American civil rights movement in the United States on other civil rights movements in one country of the region. (Nov 2005) • What impact did ‘Black Power’ have on the civil rights movement? (Nov 2001) • Assess the impact of Martin Luther King on the Civil Rights movement. (Nov 2001) • Compare the significance of the events of Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 with those at Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 in the campaign for civil rights by African-Americans. (May 2000)

14. The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981 • This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second half of the 20th century was dominated by the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly. Many remained neutral or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted socialist governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the region. • Truman: • Containment and its implications for the Americas • The rise of McCarthyism and its effects on domestic and foreign policies of the United States • The Cold War and its impact on society and culture • Korean War and the United States and the Americas: • Reasons for participation • Military developments • Diplomatic and political outcomes • Eisenhower and Dulles: • New Look and its application • Characteristics and reasons for the policy • Repercussions for the region • United States’ involvement in Vietnam: • The reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different stages • Domestic effects and the end of the war • United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter: • The characteristics of, and reasons for, policies Implications for the region: • Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress • Nixon’s covert operations and Chile • Carter's quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty • Cold War in either Canada or one Latin American country: • Reasons for foreign and domestic policies and their implementation

15. Examples of Previous Qs: The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981 • Cold War Compare Contrast Questions: • Evaluate the impact of two of the following on the development of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine; the Marshall Plan; the Berlin Blockade; NATO. • Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of Truman and Eisenhower. • Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of two of the following US presidents: Harry S Truman (1945-53); Dwight D Eisenhower (1953-61); Lyndon B, Johnson (1963-69) • Cold War Regions Questions: • Analyse the successes and failures of President Kennedy’s foreign policies towards Latin America between 1961 and 1963. • How did the Cold War change relations between the United States and either Latin America or Canada between 1953–1979? • How far did the Cold War bring changes to either Latin America or Canada in their relations with the United States? • With reference to one Latin American country, assess the impact of the Cold War on the development and implementation of that nation’s foreign policy. • Foreign Policy Questions: • Compare the foreign policy of two United States Presidents between 1945 and 1981.  Which one do you consider to have been more successful and why? • Compare the policies of two United States presidents in regard to China between 1945 and 1981. Which was more successful and why? • Analyse the aims and achievements of the foreign policies of Harry S. Truman (1945-53) and Jimmy Carter (1977-81). • Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Harry Truman (1945-52) or Richard Nixon (1969-74). • Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Eisenhower (1952-60) or Kennedy (1961-3). • Korea & Vietnam Questions: • Why, and with what consequences, did the United States get involved in Korea? • For what reasons, and with what results, did the United States become involved in Vietnam? • “The outcome of the Vietnam War was determined not on the battlefield, but on the television screen.” How far do you agree with this judgment? • Why had President Nixon ended American involvement in the Vietnam War by 1973? • The Vietnam War had a disastrous effect on the presidencies of both Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon.. To what extent do you agree with this statement? • Analyse the effects of the Vietnam War on the United States.

16. Cold War Historiography: • John Lewis Gaddis = “The Dean of Cold War Historians” • Orthodox = Traditional Perspective, 1st view or interpretation of events • Soviet Orthodox = Pro-Communism • Western Liberal (aka Traditional))= Pro-Capitalism & Democracy = #1, USSR is the aggressor • Ex. Richard Pipes • POVs of American Presidents & advisors • Ex. Dulles, Bundy, Kissinger • Orthodox View of Korean War in USA = War was justified • Orthodox view of Vietnam war in USA = War was a mistake • Revisionism & Post-Revisionism: • Revisionism: The counter argument or anti-thesis, 1st time opposing or conflicting views emerge as legitimate • Post-Revisionism: Most recent, blend of orthodox and revisionist elements, new interpretations, Justifies both sides, possibly with new information • Social Historian: Focus on effects re: people • Ex. Sheila Fitzpatrick • Marxist: Subscribes to the teachings of Karl Marx • Marxists can be from ANY country • See also: social historian

18. Pick 4  Foreign & Domestic Policies

19. Pick 4  Foreign & Domestic Policies GD Civil War WWII Cold War

21. Political developments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945 – 79 • This section focuses on domestic concerns and political developments after 1945. The majority of states in the Americas experienced social, economic and political changes and challenges. Political responses to these forces varied from country to country: from the continuation of democracy to multi-class “populist” alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the rise to power of new leaders; economic and social policies; treatment of minorities. • Review Questions: • To what extent was Truman successful in his domestic policies as president of the United States (1945-1953). (May 2011) • In what ways did the foreign policy of the United States change during the Eisenhower administration? (May 2011) • “Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was a turning point in the history of relations between North American and Latin America.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2011) • Cuba Specific Questions: • To what extent was Castro able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1990, and what prevented him from achieving more? • “Cuba, unlike other Latin American countries, has created a true social revolution.” How valid is this assessment of the impact of Castro’s regime upon Cuba? • For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba? • Analyse the long-term and short-term causes of the Cuban Revolution (1959). (May 2010) • Assess the reasons for the long survival of Fidel Castro’s regime in Cuba. (May 2009) • “Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba because of the weakness of Batista’s regime.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2008) • For what reasons, and with what results for the economy of Cuba, did Castro become ruler of Cuba? (May 2005) • In what ways did the Cuban Revolution have a powerful impact on relations between the US and Latin America? (Nov 2005) • Explain why the Cuban Missile Crisis did not cause a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. (Nov 2001) • ‘Castro’s rule in Cuba from 1959 to 1990 was mainly successful.’ How far do you agree with this claim? • Cuba Historiography: The Castros are still alive!!! • Granma • The Real story of the Cuban Missile Crisis • Foreign Affairs Article à Dominguez • Arthur Schlesinger Jr. = Historian of the Kennedys • Castro speeches (ex. History will absolve me), Che sources

23. Civil rights and social movements in the Americas (after 1945) • This section focuses on the origins, nature, challenges and achievements of civil rights movements after 1945. Movements represented the attempts to achieve equality for groups that were not recognized or accepted as full members of society. The groups challenged established authority and entrenched attitudes. • Review Questions: • In what ways did the Civil Rights Movement of Native Americans change during the 1960s? • Support your views with examples of two countries from the region. (May 2010) • How did Malcolm X and the Black Panthers affect the goals of the Civil Rights Movement? (May 2010) • “Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X had similar philosophies but used different methods to campaign for civil rights.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2009) • With reference to two United States presidencies between 1945-1969, assess the role of the US Federal Government in the achievement of African-American civil rights. (May 2008) • Evaluate the impact of Black Power on the civil rights movement in the US during the second half of the 1960s. (May 2005) • Compare and contrast the impact of the African American civil rights movement in the United States on other civil rights movements in one country of the region. (Nov 2005) • What impact did ‘Black Power’ have on the civil rights movement? (Nov 2001) • Assess the impact of Martin Luther King on the Civil Rights movement. (Nov 2001) • Compare the significance of the events of Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 with those at Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 in the campaign for civil rights by African-Americans. (May 2000)

26. The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981 • This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second half of the 20th century was dominated by the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly. Many remained neutral or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted socialist governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the region. • Truman: • Containment and its implications for the Americas • The rise of McCarthyism and its effects on domestic and foreign policies of the United States • The Cold War and its impact on society and culture • Korean War and the United States and the Americas: • Reasons for participation • Military developments • Diplomatic and political outcomes • Eisenhower and Dulles: • New Look and its application • Characteristics and reasons for the policy • Repercussions for the region • United States’ involvement in Vietnam: • The reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different stages • Domestic effects and the end of the war • United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter: • The characteristics of, and reasons for, policies Implications for the region: • Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress • Nixon’s covert operations and Chile • Carter's quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty • Cold War in either Canada or one Latin American country: • Reasons for foreign and domestic policies and their implementation

27. Examples of Previous Qs: The Cold War and the Americas 1945 – 1981 • Cold War Compare Contrast Questions: • Evaluate the impact of two of the following on the development of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine; the Marshall Plan; the Berlin Blockade; NATO. • Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of Truman and Eisenhower. • Compare and contrast the Cold War policies of two of the following US presidents: Harry S Truman (1945-53); Dwight D Eisenhower (1953-61); Lyndon B, Johnson (1963-69) • Cold War Regions Questions: • Analyse the successes and failures of President Kennedy’s foreign policies towards Latin America between 1961 and 1963. • How did the Cold War change relations between the United States and either Latin America or Canada between 1953–1979? • How far did the Cold War bring changes to either Latin America or Canada in their relations with the United States? • With reference to one Latin American country, assess the impact of the Cold War on the development and implementation of that nation’s foreign policy. • Foreign Policy Questions: • Compare the foreign policy of two United States Presidents between 1945 and 1981.  Which one do you consider to have been more successful and why? • Compare the policies of two United States presidents in regard to China between 1945 and 1981. Which was more successful and why? • Analyse the aims and achievements of the foreign policies of Harry S. Truman (1945-53) and Jimmy Carter (1977-81). • Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Harry Truman (1945-52) or Richard Nixon (1969-74). • Assess the successes and failures of the foreign policies of either Eisenhower (1952-60) or Kennedy (1961-3). • Korea & Vietnam Questions: • Why, and with what consequences, did the United States get involved in Korea? • For what reasons, and with what results, did the United States become involved in Vietnam? • “The outcome of the Vietnam War was determined not on the battlefield, but on the television screen.” How far do you agree with this judgment? • Why had President Nixon ended American involvement in the Vietnam War by 1973? • The Vietnam War had a disastrous effect on the presidencies of both Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon.. To what extent do you agree with this statement? • Analyse the effects of the Vietnam War on the United States.

28. Cold War Historiography: • John Lewis Gaddis = “The Dean of Cold War Historians” • Orthodox = Traditional Perspective, 1st view or interpretation of events • Soviet Orthodox = Pro-Communism • Western Liberal (aka Traditional))= Pro-Capitalism & Democracy = #1, USSR is the aggressor • Ex. Richard Pipes • POVs of American Presidents & advisors • Ex. Dulles, Bundy, Kissinger • Orthodox View of Korean War in USA = War was justified • Orthodox view of Vietnam war in USA = War was a mistake • Revisionism & Post-Revisionism: • Revisionism: The counter argument or anti-thesis, 1st time opposing or conflicting views emerge as legitimate • Post-Revisionism: Most recent, blend of orthodox and revisionist elements, new interpretations, Justifies both sides, possibly with new information • Social Historian: Focus on effects re: people • Ex. Sheila Fitzpatrick • Marxist: Subscribes to the teachings of Karl Marx • Marxists can be from ANY country • See also: social historian