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Chapter 20

Chapter 20. Walls. Objectives. After reading the chapter and reviewing the materials presented the students will be able to: Recall the walls used in each type of superstructure. Identify the components of a platform frame wall.

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Chapter 20

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  1. Chapter 20 Walls

  2. Objectives • After reading the chapter and reviewing the materials presented the students will be able to: • Recall the walls used in each type of superstructure. • Identify the components of a platform frame wall. • Understand layout, assembly, and erection of a platform frame wall. • Give examples of wall framing innovations.

  3. Types of Wall Frames • Mass superstructures do not have walls because they are solid. • Bearing wall superstructures have thick walls made of rock, cut stone, or brick. • Curtain walls enclose the structure but do not provide any structural support. They are made of glass, precast concrete panels, or brick. • Platform frame walls are most common in residential and light commercial construction.

  4. Platform Frame Walls • Platform frame walls consist of studs, plates, headers, trimmers, rough sills, cripple studs, and sheathing (fig 20-2, page 342). • Studs are vertical supports. Spaces between studs in the outside walls are filled with insulation. • Plates provide nailing surfaces at the top and bottom of walls to secure studs. • Headers in wall framing transfer the load of the roof, or floor above, to the trimmers. • Trimmers, which are basically shortened studs, provide support to transfer the load from the headers to the foundation. • Rough sill is a horizontal framing member at the bottom of the window rough opening. • Cripple studs are vertical framing members that extend from the sole plate to the rough sill or from the headers to the top plate. • Wall sheathing is the covering for the outside of the wall frame. Plywood sheathing makes a building stronger.

  5. Building Platform Frame Walls • In platform framing, the floor platform is in place before the walls are framed. • With a rectangular floor plan, it is common practice to frame the two longest outside walls first. • Once these walls are raised, nailed to the floor frame, and braced, the two end walls are assembled and raised. • The first step in laying out a wall frame is to select the boards to be used for top and bottom plates. • These boards should be straight and as long as practical. • The plates are placed parallel to the edge of the floor frame and each board is toe nailed in two or three places to prevent during the layout process.

  6. Laying Out Plates • The standard stud spacing is either 16” or 24” on center. • Check the plans or local building code to determine which is to be used. • Sheathing is sold in 4’ wide sheets. • The edges of adjacent sheets must meet at the centerline of a stud.

  7. Locating Rough Openings • The locations of rough openings are shown on the floor plan (fig 20-5, page 345). • Layout the center of the window opening on the plates. • Divide the rough opening width by two and layout this distance on either side of the centerline. • Place a T outside each of these lines to indicate the location of the trimmers (fig 20-6, page 346). • Draw wavy lines between the two trimmers. • These lines serve as reminders that full length studs are not to be installed between the trimmers. • Repeat the process for all openings in the wall.

  8. Laying Out Corner Posts and Wall Intersections • Additional studs and blocking are needed at building corners and where walls make T intersections (fig 20-3, page 343). • These components provide solid connections between walls and nailing surfaces for both interior and exterior wall coverings. • Mark location of studs with an X (fig 20-7, page 346).

  9. Assembling the Wall Frame • Stud length depends on the height of the wall. • Headers can be assembled while studs are being positioned. • Headers for both door and window openings are typically the same height (6’10”). • This means that the trimmers will need to be 6’10” long less the thickness of the sole plate (6’10” – 1 ½” = 6’ 8 ½ ”).

  10. Erecting Walls and Installing Double Plates • The wall is raised, aligned with the edge of the floor frame, and nailed (fig 20-10, page 350). • When the end walls are raised and plumbed, the corners are securely nailed. • Interior walls are built following the same procedure. • Once the interior walls are in place, the double plate is installed (fig 20-11, page 350). • The next step is to install the next floor platform or frame the ceiling and roof.

  11. Innovations in Platform Wall Framing • New wall framing methods leave more space for insulation. • The extra cost of better insulated walls can be recovered in savings on heating and cooling costs. • Another innovation used steel members instead of dimension lumber for framing. • Glue laminated lumber is also being used for headers and beams.

  12. Summary • Platform frame walls are most common in residential and light commercial construction. • Platform frame walls consist of studs, plates, headers, trimmers, rough sills, cripple studs, and sheathing. • Studs are vertical supports. • Plates provide nailing surfaces at the top and bottom of walls to secure studs. • Headers in wall framing transfer the load of the roof, or floor above, to the trimmers. • Trimmers, which are basically shortened studs, provide support to transfer the load from the headers to the foundation. • Rough sill is a horizontal framing member at the bottom of the window rough opening. • Cripple studs are vertical framing members that extend from the sole plate to the rough sill or from the headers to the top plate. • Wall sheathing is the covering for the outside of the wall frame. • With a rectangular floor plan, it is common practice to frame the two longest outside walls first. • The first step in laying out a wall frame is to select the boards to be used for top and bottom plates. • The standard stud spacing is either 16” or 24” on center. • Additional studs and blocking are needed at building corners and where walls make T intersections. • The wall is raised, aligned with the edge of the floor frame, and nailed. • Once the interior walls are in place, the double plate is installed. • The next step is to install the next floor platform or frame the ceiling and roof. • New wall framing methods leave more space for insulation. • The extra cost of better insulated walls can be recovered in savings on heating and cooling costs.

  13. Home Work • 1. What is the first step in laying out a wall frame? • 2. Why do new wall framing methods leave more space for insulation?

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