FROM RELIEF TO DEVELOPMENT ?

1. FROM RELIEF TO DEVELOPMENT ? Sandra D ’Urzo, architect , ShelterProject Review, 4 november 2004

2. “The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the state of emergency in which we live is not the exception but the rule.We must attain to a concept of history that is keeping with this insight” Walter Benjamin

4. frontiers of Survival… …or frontiers of inequity ?

5. Tijuana border between Mexico/USA «  North and South no longer define an international order but rather have moved closer one another. The proximity of extremely unequal populations creates a situation of permanent social danger » Tony Negri / Hardt in “Empire” Abu Dis/ separation wall between West Bank/ Israel

6. MAP OF WORLD CONFLICTS AND RISKS/ 2001

7. TIME

8. “ It is the effort to change the times which inscribes us more deeply in them” JP Sartre

9. How can we link relief action...

10. ..to long-lasting development? « For justice and for love, please rebuid, thank you » graffiti on a house damaged by the 2001 earthquake, San Salvador

11. Persisting dilemmas of disater hit contexts: land ownership, work opportunities, cultural identity, structural poverty... “Prefiero morir de una sola vez si tiene que venir otro Mitch que morir poco a poco de hambre en una bonita casa, allá abajo en el valle” “ I’d rather die at once if another hurrican Mitch came over than die slowly of hunger in a nicely built house, there, down in the valley” Inhabitant of a “colonia” rebuilt after hurrical Mitch in Salvador

12. «I won ’t live in these prefabs. I can ’t stay away from my family, I prefer sleeping in a tent nearby the place where my children were buried and rebuild my house » Bam, an inhabitant of the old city, february 2004

13. PROJECTS

14. post-war reconstruction • skills improvement • pilot project / architectural quality • educational development Afghanistan : 2003-2004 / Recostruction of the cinema Ariana in Kaboul

15. « Added value » on the project • Skills development: on-the-spot training workshops for masons, technicians, handicrafts. • Use of local building materials and techniques, avoiding the Introduction on the local marketplace of inappropriate materials that asphyxiate local economy • Start parallel dynamics such as pedagogical workshops with children • Build up and strengthen partnerships with architectural faculties, promoting exchange on this pilot project • Promote dissemination activities (research and networking, training manuals) • Improve the quality of the re-built environment with replicable techniques. small-scale enterprises)

18. SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

21. Launching educational activities

22. Urban exhibition during the construction phase

26. Questions: > How can we enable mechanisms that facilitate an efficient articulation between relief and development? > How do we avoid the trap of « having to do quickly » without losing control over essential issues? > Can we pretend to set up participatory approaches in a traumatised society? > Can we spend on relief budgets without cutting on development? « The current increases in relief budgets - in the UN as a whole already nearly 50% of the funds- are bound to continue, which further diminishes resources that could have been made possible for development. This vicious circle has to end » ( T. Schilderman, ITDG)

27. - Long-lasting crisis - Refugees vs citizens - Enclosure/ borderlines - Territory and occupation - urban potential /transformations ________________________________ Westbank - ”Opening spaces” workshop, October 2004

29. «  The matrix of control over Palestinian territory is being completed during this second Intifada by the disastrous Israeli policy » from « A civilian occupation », various authors, Union of Israeli architects  

30. EXI(S)TENCE OPENING SPACE(S) Overall Coordination: SYLVAINE BULLE (sociologist) Coordination architectural survey: arch. SANDRA D ’URZO CASE STUDY 1 : EL A’YNCAMP IN NABLUS CASE STUDY 2 : Al AMARI CAMP IN RAMALLAH STUDENTS: - MAUD CHEVET - MARIANNE FAYOLLE - ISABELLE NEBOUT - SEBASTIEN ROY WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF THE STUDENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTUREAND URBAN PLANNING, AN-NAJAH UNIVERSITY, NABLUS and BIR-ZEIT IN RAMALLAH

31. POTENTIALITIES OF THE SITE Urban continuum Compact built front Urban regeneration Landscape preservation NORTH-SOUTH CROSS CUT

32. VIEW OF THE SOUTH FRONT

33. LEGEND

34. Environmental deterioration Lack of green spaces Poor housing Poor access MAP OF RISKS

35. QUALITY BUILDINGS OPENING SPACES CONNECTING SPACES ROOFSCAPES NATURAL GROWTH MAP OF POTENTIALS

36. AL ’ AMARI CAMP: > Al Amari is located in between Ramallah and Al Biereh municipalities (tot population estimated: 200.000) > registered refugee population : 8658 (1830 families) > estimated population: 14.000 > surface of 90 dunums ( 90 ha) RAMALLAH AL BIEREH Al Amari

37. GENERAL VIEWS > extremely compact urban fabric > densily populated areas inside the camp > continuous growth and regeneration of its central core and its boundaries

38. GENERAL VIEWS > Limit of the camp New buildings Urban fabric Photo panoramique

39. EVOLUTION OF THE BORDERLINE UNRWA LIMIT

40. EVOLUTION OF THE BORDERLINE GREEN SPACES MAIN WALLS EMPTY SPACES

41. EVOLUTION OF THE BORDERLINE MIXED USES / APPROPRIATION OF SPACE REFUGEES LIVING OUSIDE THE LIMITS REFUGEES LIVING INSIDE THE LIMITS AL BIEREH CITIZENS

42. EXPLORING THE BORDERLINE > CROSS -CUTS ON THE BORDERLINE > TYPICAL CASES STUDIES > SPECIFIC ANALYSISOF TYPOLOGIES, SPACES AND USES >SOCIALS SURVEYS UNRWA LIMIT

43. DYNAMICS OF URBAN CHANGEFractures C: outside No man ’s land A : inside Camp B: boundary Wall >Persistence of physical boundandies (fences, walls),fragmented separations between inside and outside; new constructions become recognizeable landmarks and reinforce the limit by suffocating its growth. > Existence of voids and no man ’s land in continuity with the borderline can enhance peripheral growth and linear space appropriation

44. DYNAMICS OF URBAN CHANGEJunctions Space appropriation on the border New uses for intersticial spaces quality buildings inside quality buildings outide > borderline no longer defines the inside/outside of the camp:space appropriation starts from« inhabiting » the frontier,introducing new functions and uses on the limit for both refugees and non refugees. > new gardens, social gathering spaces and planted areas are organizing on and around the border. > upgraded housing units inside the camp are visually integrated within the urban built frame and identical shapes/typologies are recognizeable inside/outide of the camp.

45. DYNAMICS OF URBAN CHANGEShift of border A B A B New appropriation space, multiple uses from B >A New appropriation space, multiple uses from A > B > Strategies of land occupation define new social /neighbourhood spaces,allowing individual or collective uses.  « boundary invasions » trace new limits outide the camp and mixed functions. > Land aquisition from outside the camp together with previous land owneship create new dynamics of penetration of the space or enclaves inside it.

46. DYNAMICS OF URBAN CHANGEMutation > given the demographic growth inside the camp in the past decades new infrastructures (schools,clinics..)have been built around the perimeter. > main urban connections and insfractructures have been built all around the camp and define its border without enclosing it.

47. DYNAMICS OF URBAN CHANGEPOTENTIALS FOR TRANSFORMATION > Porosity/permeability of the border have lead to the progressive disappearing of the original boundary > interaction of functions and uses > Fast-developing social changes, irreversible landscape/urban transformations have brought to a recomposition of the whole fabric of the camp,both inside and outside its perimeter. > Complexity and interactions between in/out raise the high urban potential of the camp defining new directions of growth and mutual belonging to the city.

48. DYNAMICS OF POPULATION CASE STUDIES

49. CASE STUDY A /vertical and horizontal junctions Al biereh camp Strong social/spatial interactions

50. CASE STUDY A / JUNCTIONS Refugees living inside the camp Refugees living outside the camp Semi-public space and transformed access to the camp Void space in between the refugees Al biereh camp Al biereh Al biereh camp camp Individual house camp