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The effects of the 2nd pillar of the CAP on nature conservation in the EU 27 (2000-2007)

The effects of the 2nd pillar of the CAP on nature conservation in the EU 27 (2000-2007). Jaroslav Prazan Research Institute of Agricultural Economics Prague, Brno p razan@ vuze . cz. EU target: halting dec- line of biodiversity (2010) CAP - expected Farm birds still

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The effects of the 2nd pillar of the CAP on nature conservation in the EU 27 (2000-2007)

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  1. The effects of the 2nd pillar of the CAPon natureconservation in the EU 27 (2000-2007) Jaroslav Prazan Research Institute of Agricultural Economics Prague, Brno prazan@vuze.cz

  2. EU target: halting dec- line of biodiversity (2010) CAP - expectedFarm birds still a vital roledeclining Is EU going to reach the target?

  3. Structure of the presentation • Introduction to the RIAE. • Main pressures on nature in agriculture • Measures under Pillar II and their significance for nature conservation. • Characteristics of the New Member States(NMS). • Characteristics of agri-environmental measures in NMS (under Council Regulation No. 1257/99). • Summary points.

  4. Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (VUZE) Main activities of VUZE: • Support policy making in agriculture and rural development. • Report on main trends in performance of Czech agriculture. • Participation on national and international projects related to agricultural policy, agricultural economics and trade, rural development etc. • Collect and process key farm economic data (FADN). www.vuze.cz

  5. Main pressures on nature in agriculture Changesin farm practices in general: • Loss of traditional farm systems/practices. • Land use change (e.g. abandonment). • Intensification. • Poor management of nutrients, pesticides use etc. In EU 15, Prime Butterfly Areas:92% are dependent on agriculture.Suffer form land abandonment (47%) andintensification (43%), both (10%). Market/socio-economic/technological development and CAP are key drivers of change of farming!!!

  6. Measures under Pillar II and their significance to nature conservation • Investment in agricultural holdings* (drainage) • Setting-up of young farmers • Training* (implementation support of AEM) • Early retirement • Less favoured areas and areas with environmental restrictions *** • Agri-environmental measure **** • Improving the processing and marketing • Forestry** • Promoting the adaptation and the development of rural areas (art. 33) **, (planting trees…). • Support of semi-subsistent holdings. • Meeting environmental standards**

  7. Role of the most important measures for nature conservation • Agri-environmental measure: key measure • 40% of EAGGF Guarantee in 2003 in EU 15, • 20% of UAA under AEM in EU 15, of which 30% of land under biodiversity protection/enhancement schemes, • HNV farmland most likely not fully covered, • good (NI, EN, ES) and bad stories? Reasons?

  8. Role of the most important measures for nature conservation II • Less favoured areas(20% of the same fund): • the real impact not known on EU level, • prevents land abandonment (overlap with HNV area), • in some MSs pursuing specific land use (e.g. only grassland supported in CR, some arable/permanent crops excluded in HU,SI, additional standards Wales). • additional standards (GFP-demanding?, C-C). • Areas with environmental restrictions e.g. N2k (not used in many cases, covered by AEM or not advanced implementation) • Afforestation: species+spatial targeting areimportant.

  9. Agri-environmental measures in the New Member States

  10. Some characteristics of the New Member States • Farming • Structures (two groups of countries) and their changes (from 15 ha to 500 ha average farm size), • Intensity of production and its changes, 2002-2003 (kg fertilisers/ha: CR-79.6, EE-89, HU-72, LV-72, PL-99.3, SI-177, SK-55.2, decrease of animal numbers) • Environment(examples): • 92000 corncrakes in NMS, 10000 pairs of starks in Latvia, • >7Mio. ha of semi-natural grassland, estimated higher chare of HNV areas than in old MSs….

  11. Characteristics of the New Member States II • Negative impact of farming on environment: • Soil erosion (CR, EE, HU, LV, PL, SK) • Water pollution caused by intensification or point sources (CR, EE, HU, LT, PL, SI, SK) • Drop of water level (PL) • Extinction of breeds and varieties (CR, EE, HU, LT,LV, PL, SI, • Loss of habitats and species by intensification or abandonment (CR, HU, LT, LV, EE, SI, SK). • Landscape deterioration (CR, EE, HU, SK) • Positive change for environment during last decade (lower intensity of production).

  12. Introduction to agri-environmental measure (AEM) • History (accompanying measure in 90s, CR 1257/99 – AEM part of CAP, in NMSs from 2004). • Payment of farmers for environmental services. • Objectives: reduction of environmental risks (modern agriculture) and preserving nature and cultivated landscape (from farm practices change, abandonment etc.). • Voluntary for farmers. • Compulsory for the Member States. • Going beyond Good Farming Practice (now C-C).

  13. Implementation of selected measures of Pillar II in 9 NMSs (04)

  14. Characteristics of agri-environmental measures-in RDPs • The Czech Republic – 9 schemes (+ options), 4 targeted at habitats/species, goals quantified-expected acreage, piloted monitoring. • Estonia – 12 schemes, 4 targeted at habitats-species, goalsquantified (expected acreage), monitoring established. • Hungary - 23 schemes (+options), 15 targeted at habitats/species, 15 zonal • Latvia – 4 schemes, 3 targeted at protection of habitats/species.

  15. Characteristics of agri-environmental measures-in RDPs • Lithuania – 4 schemes, 2 are targeted at habitat/species, • Poland – 7 packages (40 options), 3 packages focused on habitats-species, 2 in priority zones. • Slovakia – 10 schemes (+ options), 4 targeted at habitats/species, • Slovenia – 21 schemes (+ options), 12 targeted at habitats/species, quantified goals on scheme level, • In NMSs – organic farming is supported in all, in most - genetic resources, in most - quantified outputs (rarely impactsdefined), most - did not have ecological monitoring in 2004.

  16. Planned share of budget for AEMs – in Horizontal Rural Development Plans (%)

  17. Agri-environmental measure (budget plans in selected NMSs)

  18. Level of implementation of AEM in selected New Member States Proportion of the total UAA % in 2004, (where data was available) • Czech Republic 30.1 • Estonia 58.8 • Hungary 25.3 • Latvia 1.5 • Poland 1.1 • Slovakia 1.7 (16.9 in 05) • Slovenia 58.3 Expected increase during 05/06.

  19. What influence success/failure of AEM in nature conservation? • Sufficient scientific ecological knowledge (e.g. causal links, spatial distribution of HNV, species. • Targeting (e.g. spatial, addressing issues and real causes). • Proper implementation (involvement of relevant stakeholders, information and advice provision). • Integrationwith other measures (e.g. non-productive investment, GFP/cross-compliance). • Good monitoring producing feedback to policy design. • Uptake of the measure(critical mass of land)

  20. What influenced the uptake in the New Member States? • Informing farmers. • Pre-accession experience. • Level of support. • Delays in decision making and uncertainties concerning implementation. • Five years obligation (in some NMS-land reform, shorter contracts etc.). • Alternative source of income for farmers (PL)

  21. Some factors in NMS limiting AES effectiveness in NMSs • Not sufficient knowledge of geographical distribution of particular habitats and species – surveys (HNVF). • Not enough sharing of geographical information among institutions on the state of environment etc. • Not enough knowledge of causal links between farming practices and respond of ecosystems - research, trials, pilot schemes with monitoring • Not sufficient assistance to farmers (advice provision etc.) • Priorities – there are numerous priorities and/or budgetary limits. • Integration of policies – AES-GFP-cross-compliance-Natura2000… • Administration – in some NMS the capacity of administration represents limiting factor when designing ambitious and/or very targeted schemes. • Objectives of the agri-environmental schemes should be clearer (the NMSs already have several good examples of well focused schemes). • Lack of monitoring of actual effects of AES on ecosystems and lack of evaluation culture in general (designed according to objectives).

  22. Summary points • All New Member States managed to implement AES • NMS with AEM before EU accession – more ambitious and quicker increase of acreage under AES. • Benefits of the agri-environmental schemes in NMSs (environmental awareness, abandonment) • Capacity building is needed – capacity of administration could be limiting factor, technical support – GIS etc. • Research on links between farm practices and environment and information collection and sharing • Broader debate on priorities is needed and involvement of all key stakeholders (design). • Several good examples of targeted schemes – but clear objectives definition, monitoring and evaluation are lacking. • Lack of clear link between analysis of problems and measures proposed (in programming documents).

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