In the Wake of e-Governance in Indonesia:

1. In the Wake of e-Governance in Indonesia: how ICT is applied in public information services in Indonesia Putu Laxman Pendit Department of Library Science Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia

2. Background • The dominant position of governments vis-a-vis other components in society, and the total reliance on technology transfer from developed countries. • Indonesia has included ICT in its development program since the First Long-Term Development Period (1967 – 1996), • The first official reference to “information system” appeared in the 1993 Guidelines of State Policy, • To motivate and mobilize people’s participation • Sound and dynamic democracy which conform to the Five Principles (Pancasila).

3. Issues • How the government of Indonesia adapts to the changes both within itself and outside, especially with regard to movement towards information society, and • The role of IT in this process; how it affects, and is likely to be affected by, the process. • From 1997 to 2000: Economic crisis; Suharto’s government ended; Chaotic reformation process; First utilisation of Internet technology in the first free and democratic election in the history of Indonesia; Y2K issues.

4. Some recent development • INFRASTRUCTURE: • In 2000, 1,9 million internet users, 400.000 internet subscribers. In 2001, 4,2 million internet users and around 600.000 subscribers. • 1 telephone line for 40 people. • Around 1500 warnet (internet café), mostly in Java • LAW & REGULATION: • Data Protection law 2003, Copy Right Law 2002, Electronic Transaction bill, Freedom of Information bill, Library bill, amendment to Archive Act 1977, • Several attempts to draft a national IT policy

5. e-government and regional development • 46% of the 385 local governments have websites; 21% of them are inaccessible. • Binjai, North Sumatera, Electronic data processing, computerization of its office of development planning, e-mail direct to the “Walikota”, • Musi-Banyuasin and the City of Palembang, South Sumatera, electronic services (licenses), close cooperation with TELKOM’s regional division, • Takelar, South Sulawesi, electronic services (licenses), close cooperation with TELKOM’s regional division, • Kutai-Timur, web-based services, GIS.

6. Main telephone line per 100 inhabitants

7. Internet users per 10,000 inhabitants

8. Appropriation Process • Gidden’s structuration theory • Adaptive Structuration Theory (Poole and deSanctis) Technological features Appropriation process Social system Socio-cultural factors

9. Two layers of e-governance Resisting innovation Spurious, uncoordinated Minimal relations with industries Mainly automating work process Slow progress in resolving problems dyadic relationships or interrelations constant negotiation preoccupation with its own internal dynamic the management style the “malleability” of the technology

10. E-bureaucracy • The emergence of “computer people” in government institutions as part of the appropriation of the new technology, • “government-dominated/propagandist character” versus “e-democracy”, • Management style in IT-based public information services is constantly being negotiated.