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1. Tourism�s Advancement of Tourists� & Residents� Quality of Life Tourism for Marginal Groups: Tourism as a Livelihood Strategy in an Indigenous Community in Taiwan Teresa C.-H. Tao Ph.D. University of Hong Kong Think Tank VIII, Izmir University of Economics, Turkey June 25th, 2008 Thanks for Dagmar (Dr. Lund-Durlacher)�s introduction. Acknowledgement: Cou people in Shanmei and Chashan villages in Alishan region in Taiwan Before the presentation start, I would like to express my appreciation to Cou people (??)for sharing their live experience with me. Thanks for Dagmar (Dr. Lund-Durlacher)�s introduction. Acknowledgement: Cou people in Shanmei and Chashan villages in Alishan region in Taiwan Before the presentation start, I would like to express my appreciation to Cou people (??)for sharing their live experience with me.

2.  Tourism as a Livelihood Strategy in an Indigenous Community in Taiwan Empirical & Theoretical context Research question Research approach Study area Main findings Questions and comments

3. Indigenous Peoples in Taiwan Inferior situation: poverty reduction, cultural survival, self-determination, justice and equity. Colonial periods: 400 years with 6 colonial regimes Population: 458,000 (2.1% of Taiwan pop�n 23 million) Household incomes: < 40% of national average & high unemployment rate Taiwanese government encourages tourism development in response to the problems. Historically, a majority of the contacts between indigenous people and non-indigenous people is that dominating non-indigenous groups exploit indigenous people for their own benefits. As a result, indigenous people have struggled to search for poverty reduction, cultural survival, self-determination, justice and equity. The situations are particularly true for indigenous peoples in Taiwan. Taiwan has been colonized by six colonial regimes in the past 400 years. The island�s 458,000 aboriginal people compose about 2 percent of Taiwan�s 23 million people. Their household incomes are less than 40 percent of the national average and their unemployment rate is significantly higher than the national average. The Taiwanese government has encouraged tourism development in rural areas in response to the problems. Some attribute high aboriginal unemployment to the importation of nearly 300,000 �guest workers� from the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia who compete directly for jobs with aborigines. In rural areas, aboriginal farmers are typically small-scale and are adversely affected by the agricultural sector�s increasing openness to foreign agribusiness imports, especially since Taiwan became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. Taiwan is also undergoing rapid economic restructuring processes in which labour-intensive industries have relocated to lower-cost areas like the China and Vietnam. Additionally, environmental and economic devastation caused by the earthquake on September 21, 1999 and numerous typhoons have created a situation in which Taiwanese aboriginal peoples are being squeezed from all sides. Tourism has become an option for Taiwanese aboriginal peoples who are facing Taiwan�s economic changes. Historically, a majority of the contacts between indigenous people and non-indigenous people is that dominating non-indigenous groups exploit indigenous people for their own benefits. As a result, indigenous people have struggled to search for poverty reduction, cultural survival, self-determination, justice and equity. The situations are particularly true for indigenous peoples in Taiwan. Taiwan has been colonized by six colonial regimes in the past 400 years. The island�s 458,000 aboriginal people compose about 2 percent of Taiwan�s 23 million people. Their household incomes are less than 40 percent of the national average and their unemployment rate is significantly higher than the national average. The Taiwanese government has encouraged tourism development in rural areas in response to the problems. Some attribute high aboriginal unemployment to the importation of nearly 300,000 �guest workers� from the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia who compete directly for jobs with aborigines. In rural areas, aboriginal farmers are typically small-scale and are adversely affected by the agricultural sector�s increasing openness to foreign agribusiness imports, especially since Taiwan became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. Taiwan is also undergoing rapid economic restructuring processes in which labour-intensive industries have relocated to lower-cost areas like the China and Vietnam. Additionally, environmental and economic devastation caused by the earthquake on September 21, 1999 and numerous typhoons have created a situation in which Taiwanese aboriginal peoples are being squeezed from all sides. Tourism has become an option for Taiwanese aboriginal peoples who are facing Taiwan�s economic changes.

4. Tourism � a development option Income generation Economic independence Self-determination & Cultural pride Move away from a focus primarily on the disadvantages of tourism development sustainable tourism (e.g., ecotourism) Tourism has been considered as a development option by many indigenous communities world wide. The Western-based economic rationale is that income generated through tourism can bring indigenous people increased economic independence, with a higher degree of self-determination and cultural pride as poverty decreased. In order to move away from a focus primarily on the disadvantages of tourism development, the concept of sustainable tourism (e.g., ecotourism) has been promoted, which is fundamentally linked to the idea of sustainable development. Tourism has been considered as a development option by many indigenous communities world wide. The Western-based economic rationale is that income generated through tourism can bring indigenous people increased economic independence, with a higher degree of self-determination and cultural pride as poverty decreased. In order to move away from a focus primarily on the disadvantages of tourism development, the concept of sustainable tourism (e.g., ecotourism) has been promoted, which is fundamentally linked to the idea of sustainable development.

5. Sustainable Development Weaknesses Ambiguity - What is to be sustained? - What is development? Focus on the demand of economic activities on physical environment Overlook tourism and culture and social components A major problem with sustainable development is its ambiguity. The term does not tell us what is to be sustained, what is development, and what actions needed to take to achieve development. Moreover, it mainly focuses on the demand of economic activities on physical environment and overlook the issues of tourism resources and social and cultural components. In spite of the situation, many economic sectors have embraced the term, such as sustainable agriculture and sustainable forestry. In this vein, sustainable tourism is a term that is commonly used. A major problem with sustainable development is its ambiguity. The term does not tell us what is to be sustained, what is development, and what actions needed to take to achieve development. Moreover, it mainly focuses on the demand of economic activities on physical environment and overlook the issues of tourism resources and social and cultural components. In spite of the situation, many economic sectors have embraced the term, such as sustainable agriculture and sustainable forestry. In this vein, sustainable tourism is a term that is commonly used.

6. Multiple definitions of sustainable tourism exist � three main types of interpretation But, what is sus Tourism ? there are multiple definitions of sustainable tourism � which can be grouped into 3 types But, what is sus Tourism ? there are multiple definitions of sustainable tourism � which can be grouped into 3 types

7. A Continuum of Interpretations of Sustainable Tourism Type 1 � how to maintain tourism-recreation industry businesses over a long time frame A narrow, business-centric view Places great emphasis on promotional programs to ensure the number of visitors continues to increase Type 2 � a kinder, gentler form of tourism that is generally smaller in scale, sensitive to cultural and environmental impacts and respects the involvement of local people in policy decisions Recognizes finite biophysical and social limits to tourism development Interpretation is close to that of Ecotourism � small scale, designed to benefit local community, protect resources that tourism is based on Type 3 � tourism in support of sustainable development Sees tourism as a tool for development and not end in itself Acknowledges that tourism may not be necessary for sustainable development and that a goal may be to reduce tourism These 3 interpretations of sustainable tourism differ in what will be sustained � TYPE 1 � TYPE 2 � TYPE 3 �These 3 interpretations of sustainable tourism differ in what will be sustained � TYPE 1 � TYPE 2 � TYPE 3 �

8. Type 2 - Sustainable Tourism �Tourism-centric�, single-sector perspective that advocates ensuring the viability of the tourism industry for an indefinite period of time WTO, most governments and many others adopt this interpretation Type 3 - Tourism to Support Sustainable Development Asks � �Whether and in what form tourism might contribute to sustainable development� of a community-region Wall and Butler support this interpretation Multi-sector perspective: Linkages between tourism and other sectors of the economy I just ignore the type 1 interpretation � it has nothing to do with sustainability � most gov�ts and tourism industry associations adopt the type 2 interpretation �as well as some academics This interpretation is concerned with protecting the immediate resource base that will allow tourism development to be sustained This is also a very narrow view because: it assumes that tourism is the only way towards sustainability and ignores the possibility that tourism might be introduced as another economic option and through proper interaction with other economic activities, contributes to the local goals of sustainable development. I tend to agree with Dr. Wall and Butler � and their type 3 interpretation And recognize the importance of providing an environment that allows the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the economy. I just ignore the type 1 interpretation � it has nothing to do with sustainability � most gov�ts and tourism industry associations adopt the type 2 interpretation �as well as some academics This interpretation is concerned with protecting the immediate resource base that will allow tourism development to be sustained This is also a very narrow view because: it assumes that tourism is the only way towards sustainability and ignores the possibility that tourism might be introduced as another economic option and through proper interaction with other economic activities, contributes to the local goals of sustainable development. I tend to agree with Dr. Wall and Butler � and their type 3 interpretation And recognize the importance of providing an environment that allows the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the economy.

9. Approach � � Sustainable Livelihoods  Livelihood Diversification Tourism A new activity for local people. Risky A change, an additional, not a substitute Be incorporated into local people�s livelihoods Livelihood Diversification May or may not fit well into local people�s livelihoods How does it fit? How can it be integrated? Tourism is a new activity for local people, and perceived as risky. As a result, tourism does not completely replace other economic activities. If indigenous communities decide to incorporate tourism as one of their livelihoods, tourism will be livelihood diversification. But tourism may or may not fit well into local people�s livelihoods. I am interested in knowing how does tourism fit and how can it be integrated. Therefore, the following research question was generated.Tourism is a new activity for local people, and perceived as risky. As a result, tourism does not completely replace other economic activities. If indigenous communities decide to incorporate tourism as one of their livelihoods, tourism will be livelihood diversification. But tourism may or may not fit well into local people�s livelihoods. I am interested in knowing how does tourism fit and how can it be integrated. Therefore, the following research question was generated.

10. Research Question What is the role that tourism is playing in indigenous communities� livelihood strategies using the sustainable livelihood framework? What is the role that tourism is playing in Cou indigenous communities� livelihood strategies in Taiwan using the sustainable livelihood framework? What is the role that tourism is playing in Cou indigenous communities� livelihood strategies in Taiwan using the sustainable livelihood framework?

11. This is SL framework for analysis. The key question asked for analyzing livelihoods is Given a particular context, what combination of livelihood resources, through what institutional processes, has resulted in the ability to follow what combination of livelihood strategies with what outcomes? As mentioned earlier, tourism here is considered as one of livelihood strategies among others. Tourism related activities are regarded as livelihood diversification. The framework is used to examine the positive and negative consequences that different types of tourism can have on people�s asset base, diverse activities, specific outcomes which they seek, and their influence over external organizations and context. This is SL framework for analysis. The key question asked for analyzing livelihoods is Given a particular context, what combination of livelihood resources, through what institutional processes, has resulted in the ability to follow what combination of livelihood strategies with what outcomes? As mentioned earlier, tourism here is considered as one of livelihood strategies among others. Tourism related activities are regarded as livelihood diversification. The framework is used to examine the positive and negative consequences that different types of tourism can have on people�s asset base, diverse activities, specific outcomes which they seek, and their influence over external organizations and context.

12. Research Approach Qualitative methods Direct & participant observation In-depth interviews (n = 131) with key village informants, village residents, government officials, academics and NGO staff Document analysis Site selection Shanmei (Cou tribe), Taiwan Qualitative methods Data were collected mainly through qualitative methods including direct and participant observation, in-depth interviews with key village informants, village residents, government officials, academics, and NGO staff. The total number of interviews is 131. And document analysis. Site Selection Case was drawn from one Cou indigenous village Shanmei in Taiwan. In Shanmei, local level tourism initiatives take place. It has developed tourism for about 20 years.Qualitative methods Data were collected mainly through qualitative methods including direct and participant observation, in-depth interviews with key village informants, village residents, government officials, academics, and NGO staff. The total number of interviews is 131. And document analysis. Site Selection Case was drawn from one Cou indigenous village Shanmei in Taiwan. In Shanmei, local level tourism initiatives take place. It has developed tourism for about 20 years.

13. Tourism Development in Shanmei Village 6 years protection of the Danayigu River using traditional knowledge Gu fish in Danayigu Ecological Park as main attraction. Revenue from the park topped to $TWD 30 million ($USD 988,000) in 2002 Earning opportunities In Shanmei, the abundant, high quality landscape is the major attraction for tourism and the idea of restoration of Gu fish (a kind of fish species) in the Danayigu River was put forward for tourism development. with 6 years river protection, Shanmei Tsou used traditional knowledge to revive the Danayigu River and had brought back tens of thousands Gu fish which has cultural significance of Tsou tribe. Afterwards, the Danayigu Ecological Park was established and generated revenue topped 1.2 million Canadian dollars in 2002. As Shanmei tourism industry has grown in step with the park�s success, a wide range of earning opportunities have been produced. In Shanmei, the abundant, high quality landscape is the major attraction for tourism and the idea of restoration of Gu fish (a kind of fish species) in the Danayigu River was put forward for tourism development. with 6 years river protection, Shanmei Tsou used traditional knowledge to revive the Danayigu River and had brought back tens of thousands Gu fish which has cultural significance of Tsou tribe. Afterwards, the Danayigu Ecological Park was established and generated revenue topped 1.2 million Canadian dollars in 2002. As Shanmei tourism industry has grown in step with the park�s success, a wide range of earning opportunities have been produced.

14. Sources of Tourism Income - Shanmei This slide shows sources of tourism income in ShanmeiThis slide shows sources of tourism income in Shanmei

15. Mixed Livelihood Activities and Strategies in Shanmei Guided by the framework, several key findings are as follow: Shanmei Cou have changed their lifestyle from traditional hunting, slash and burn agriculture, fishing, and gathering to current mixed livelihood activities and strategies including migration, employment mainly by casual labour, tourism related activities, producing crops, raising livestock, harvesting trees/plants, fishing and hunting. Most Cou households rely on a combination of activities to meet their needs and to disperse risk. They support their livelihoods from multiple sources, not one. Tourism has been incorporated into the livelihoods of the village. Tourism related activities occupy up to about one third in Shanmei�s whole spectrum of livelihood activities. However, the figure is extremely unstable due to tourism seasonality. Guided by the framework, several key findings are as follow: Shanmei Cou have changed their lifestyle from traditional hunting, slash and burn agriculture, fishing, and gathering to current mixed livelihood activities and strategies including migration, employment mainly by casual labour, tourism related activities, producing crops, raising livestock, harvesting trees/plants, fishing and hunting. Most Cou households rely on a combination of activities to meet their needs and to disperse risk. They support their livelihoods from multiple sources, not one. Tourism has been incorporated into the livelihoods of the village. Tourism related activities occupy up to about one third in Shanmei�s whole spectrum of livelihood activities. However, the figure is extremely unstable due to tourism seasonality.

16. How does Tourism Fit Delivers consumers to the products. Small markets increase cash earning. Meet villagers� increasing needs for cash Linkage with other economic sector � Agriculture Tourism activities provide farm and off-farm diversification, maintain farming and harvesting Tourism products build on and help to preserve natural and culture resources, assets that aboriginal people have Tourism activities suit current live style and situation: Casual labour Male: migration; females: domestic work, office jobs, and casual labour Shanmei: positions generated from the park close to home are beneficial to mothers and single parent with young children, the disabled, unemployed, elders and women Younger generation (under age 35): office jobs, dancing, running caf�s Women with young kids: homestays and eatery businesses How does tourism fit: Tourism delivers consumers to the products rather than the other way around. Small markets created by tourism enterprises increase opportunities for cash earning. This meets villagers� increasing needs for cash. Tourism has potential for linkage with other economic sectors � particularly agriculture. These linkages increase the proportion of tourism revenue retained in the host communities. A range of tourism activities provide opportunities for both farm and off-farm diversification, and maintain farming and harvesting. Tourism products build on, and help to preserve, natural resources and culture. These are assets that most aboriginal people have, even though they may lack financial assets. Tourism activities are in form of casual labour which suit current live style and provide new livelihood options. The majority of males migrate out of villages to make a living. The majority of females are responsible for domestic work, office jobs and other casual labour in the village. Therefore, in Shanmei, positions and opportunities for cash earning generated inside the park are close to home and are particularly beneficial for mothers and single parent with young children, the disabled, unemployed, elders and women The majority of the younger generation (under age 35) have obtained their formal education outside the villages. They have not learned traditional knowledge to survive in the mountains. Tourism-related activities, such as dancing, running caf�, encourage some young adults return home to make a living. Homestay and eatery businesses are particularly beneficial for women with young kids so they can easily look after them.How does tourism fit: Tourism delivers consumers to the products rather than the other way around. Small markets created by tourism enterprises increase opportunities for cash earning. This meets villagers� increasing needs for cash. Tourism has potential for linkage with other economic sectors � particularly agriculture. These linkages increase the proportion of tourism revenue retained in the host communities. A range of tourism activities provide opportunities for both farm and off-farm diversification, and maintain farming and harvesting. Tourism products build on, and help to preserve, natural resources and culture. These are assets that most aboriginal people have, even though they may lack financial assets. Tourism activities are in form of casual labour which suit current live style and provide new livelihood options. The majority of males migrate out of villages to make a living. The majority of females are responsible for domestic work, office jobs and other casual labour in the village. Therefore, in Shanmei, positions and opportunities for cash earning generated inside the park are close to home and are particularly beneficial for mothers and single parent with young children, the disabled, unemployed, elders and women The majority of the younger generation (under age 35) have obtained their formal education outside the villages. They have not learned traditional knowledge to survive in the mountains. Tourism-related activities, such as dancing, running caf�, encourage some young adults return home to make a living. Homestay and eatery businesses are particularly beneficial for women with young kids so they can easily look after them.

17. Conclusion A understanding of the consequences of tourism through local livelihoods Set into the cultural context of indigenous place Its interaction with other sectors Sustainable livelihood framework is holistic Careful planning and design enhance positive & reduce negative consequences In order to develop a better understanding of the consequences of tourism development on indigenous communities, tourism should be set into the cultural context of indigenous place to observe its interaction with other sectors. The proposed sustainable livelihoods approach provides a holistic framework for such analysis. It is hoped that, based on an understanding of local livelihoods, careful planning and design can enhance the positive consequences of tourism and reduce the negative ones.In order to develop a better understanding of the consequences of tourism development on indigenous communities, tourism should be set into the cultural context of indigenous place to observe its interaction with other sectors. The proposed sustainable livelihoods approach provides a holistic framework for such analysis. It is hoped that, based on an understanding of local livelihoods, careful planning and design can enhance the positive consequences of tourism and reduce the negative ones.

19. Contact Information Teresa C.H. Tao Ph.D. Department of Geography University of Hong Kong Email: c2tao@hkucc.hku.hk