AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5

AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________ Enantiomers (stereoisomers) How are isomers are different from isotopes? ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon 6 4 1 3 2 5

Identify the following functional groups amino sulfhydryl carbonyl carboxyl Hydroxyl(alcohol) phosphate Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

Identify the kind of molecules aldehyde ketone Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm

IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE phosphate carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl amino hydroxyl carbonyl ? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz

Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached Campbell and Reece 7th edition

Identify the type of geometric isomeras TRANS or CIS CIS TRANS http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Cells store energy by ________________ a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP organic adding a phosphate group to ADP Compounds containing carbon are called ___________

Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with ___ different atoms at the same time. 4 Which two functional groups are found inamino acids? amino and carboxyl groups

Chemical process that joins molecules by removing a water molecule. Dehydration synthesis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean? It can form 4 covalent bonds

These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut? geometric http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis) Name the four main classes of biological macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

The simplest sugars are called ________________ monosaccharides GLYCOGEN _____________ is the highly branched polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose. NONPOLAR Lipids are____________ molecules polar nonpolar

Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquid solid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

Molecules made of two monosaccharides are called ______________ dissaccharides The subunits joined to make proteinsare _______________ amino acids The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose

Carbohydrates made from joining manysugar molecules together are called ____________________ polysaccharides Glucose and fructose can be joined to makesucrose via a ___________________ reaction. dehydration synthesis

The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon. Label the two forms as α (alpha) orß (beta) BETA ALPHA Hydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is down http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif

Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________ starch How are these different? Amylose is unbranched and joined only by α 1,4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkagesat the branch points

How are starch and cellulose different? Starch is made up of glucose rings in the α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the ß (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans can’t digest this

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. cellulose Where is chitin found in nature? Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition

This subunit is _________________ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif It can be joined together in long chains by ß 1,4 linkages to make _________ chitin

Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they don’t pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule fat

What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge? ionic covalent hydrogen covalent A fatty acid possessing one or more doublebonds between carbons in the hydrocarbontail is called _______________ unsaturated

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by singlebonds is called _______________ saturated

The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________ glucose The sequence of amino acids in a proteinis called the ________ structure Primary 1o

The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called_______________ chitin A fat is made up of one ________ molecule and three ___________ molecules. glycerol fatty acid

Amino acid molecules used by living things are usually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or D L Glycosidic _________ covalent linkages join sugarmolecules to make a polysaccharide

The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure. Secondary 2o Which kinds of bond holds these together? Hydrogen bonds between the C=O ofone amino acid and the N-H of another

The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerization The subunits are called___________ and themolecule that is formed iscalled a ______________ monomers polymer Image by K.Riedell

Sugar molecules used by living things are usually the ___ stereoisomer version. L or D D The structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides supportis ____________ cellulose

These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned about? structural

_____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment. Chaparonins Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.

Sugars with 6 carbons are called _______________ hexoses Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars? Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________ disaccharides Name one of the polysaccharides you learned about. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called a _________ bond peptide → http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure. Tertiary 3o

The association of multiple protein chainstogether results in its _____________ Quaternary 4o http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunits Fat (triacylglycerol) http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html

This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose α Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen

Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid liquid liquid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose ß Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)

Name this type of Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various functional groups steroids

Name this steroid from which other steroids including human sex hormones are synthesized. cholesterol Which part of a phospholipid is polar? Glycerol-phosphate head

saturated unsaturated http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg A diet high in____________ fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease. saturated

Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar? Fatty acid tails ENZYMES __________ are proteins that act as catalysts to speed upchemical reactions in living things

How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid? 2 Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functional group attached at one end? carboxyl http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg

AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5