Diverse Teachers for Diverse Learners: Changing the School Experience

1. Diverse Teachers for Diverse Learners: Changing the School Experience Professor Geri Smyth University of Strathclyde

2. Aim of talk • When the pupil population of schools in the • UK and across the Western world is • becoming increasingly heterogeneous why • is the teaching population remaining • Relatively homogeneous? • Why does homogeneity in the teaching • profession matter?

3. Overview • Context of research • Who are learners? / Who are teachers? • What is ‘diverse’ in this context? • Diversity in UK, Canada, Australia and Nordic countries • Why is diversification an issue? • Case Study of Diversifying the Profession: RITeS • Linguistic and Human capital • Change for the better

4. Acknowledgements • ESRC • Canadian SSHRC • British Academy • NordForsk • General Teaching Council for Scotland • Individuals

5. Schools for the 21st Century • Every classroom is a place of diversity: of gender, socioeconomic groups, ability or disability, mother tongues and learning styles.Improving competences means teaching learners in a more personalised way. Better tailoring teaching to each child’s needs can increase student interest and engagement in learning activities and improve their results, but its benefits should reach all students equitably. ---- Teachers require specific training to work effectively in diverse classrooms. • EU (2008)

6. Who are Learners? • Diverse culturababackgrounds Multiracial, multilingual, multi-ethnic

7. Who are Teachers?

8. What do we mean by diverse? • SL: Diverse in terms of outer markers like ethnicity or language, • but it can be in terms of many other social factors, and to me it’s • not just about including ethnically diverse teachers but as well • training teachers to become linguistically and culturally affirmative • and sensitive • GS:The teaching population doesn’t mirror the population of the • State and I do think that it is important to educate teachers to be • themselves culturally affirmative but also to increase the • recruitment of teachers from populations that are not traditionally • represented within the profession. I think until we can do that, it’s • going to be a continuing battle to get teachers to be more culturally • responsive to diversity

9. Scotland, England, Ontario, Manitoba, Australia, Norway, Iceland Briefing Notes for ESRC Seminars Diversity in a range of National Contexts

10. Scotland • 2009: 7.5% pupils from minority ethnic groups • 2009: 1.5 % teachers from minority ethnic groups • 0.6% in promoted posts • 138 languages currently used by learners in Scottish schools in their daily lives • The scale of the linguistic diversity in the country goes largely unrecognised in the school system

11. So what? • A large proportion of participants lived in communities in which various heritage languages were used in daily cultural life. Those who described themselves as 'bilingual' felt that there was no real value given to their bilingualism. On the contrary, they were made to feel 'exotic', asked in front of the whole class to 'say a few words in your language'. It was extremely rare to find a pupil who was being supported in studying their home language for examination. Indeed, many resented the fact that they were required to learn French when they would rather give the time to studying their own home language. This was especially so if, as a result, it meant that they were required to study their language in supplementary classes after school or at weekends. • MEPESS Report

12. England • Data for 2010 show: • 16.0% (518,020) of all Local Authority maintained primary school children have a first language known to or believed to be a language other than English. • 11.6% (378,200) of all state-funded secondary school children have a first language known to or believed to be a language other than English. • The number of bilingual teachers in schools in England is currently estimated to be 4% (Conteh et al 2007) • Bhatti & Creese

13. What’s the Problem? • Attainment indicators in English, mathematics and science at Key Stage 1, 2 and 3 over period 2004 – 2009 show that pupils for whom English is a first language consistently outperform their peers for whom English is an additional language in all three core subjects in these Key Stages. • Conteh argues that ‘if we genuinely do want to help raise the achievements of ethnic minority bilingual learners in our schools, we need to recognise the distinctive skills and knowledge of bilingual teachers’ (2007:469).

14. Canada Ontario Manitoba In 2008, nearly 10,000 (5.5%) students eligible for EAL support Approximately 225 internationally educated teachers apply for teaching certification in Manitoba each year; on average half are denied certification outright Bridging Programs for IETs Non-credit Mentorship Initiative for IETs Strategic hiring practices for IETs by school divisions Schmidt • The Ontario College of Teacher licenses 1,500 to 1,700 internationally educated teachers annually • Transition to Teachingresearch: • Only 3% of immigrant teachers successful in finding regular teaching jobs in publicly funded Ontario school boards in the 2008-2009 school year compared with 15% for the Ontario faculty of education graduates of 2008. • Gagné

15. Australia • Educational outcomes for Indigenous students are generally well below those of non-Indigenous students • 1-2% of primary teachers and less than 1% of secondary teachers and school leaders are Indigenous. • Santoro

16. Nordic countries Norway Iceland Non-Icelandic citizens 1995 1.8%: 2010 6.8% 8.2% immigrants; majority European 5.4% pupils with mother tongue other than Icelandic Lassen, 2007 reported 84 internationally educated teachers in Icelandic compulsory schools (2% of the teacher population) Ragnarsdóttir • Migrant population 2010: 11.4% • Pupils receiving differentiated Norwegian education: 6.45% • Bilingual teachers: 4% of the total teaching force • Since 1997 Educational Model: transitional education • 2004 BA for Bilingual Teachers • De Wilde

17. Under recruitment and under employment • Across the countries involved: • Low recruitment of linguistic and ethnic minorities to teaching, • whether native or migrant • Lower levels of employment for linguistic and ethnic minorities • Under utilisation of linguistic capital of linguistic and ethnic • minorities • Under representation of linguistic and ethnic minorities in promoted posts

18. Listening to teachers and pupils Discussing diversity in the teaching profession

19. Minority teachers speak • Why should I be treated differently? I was born and brought up in this country. • You are constantly asked “where do you come from?” • What I have found that really surprises me is the lack of understanding of the Asian and minority ethnic cultures within my colleagues • This is me. I might not be able to fit into your pre-conceived ideas of what I should be but I am me.

20. Minority teachers speak • In my job at the primary school, I feel very positive to be there as a primary school teacher, as a role model and as someone who they can say “Oh well, there’s somebody who is a teacher, who doesn’t necessarily look like me, or someone who does look like me or looks a bit like me”. • The pupils were racist, they were abusive, there was racist graffiti on my wall, on my door and my supervising teacher was at the back, making her notes, and I just couldn’t believe it. Anyway, she finally approached me at the end of the lesson and she said “just ignore it”., • I left my culture and language at the school front door when I came in and I played white and I fitted in with my colleagues

21. Pupils speak • There shouldn’t be schools where you’re only allowed one race of children or one religion --- • But if you go to a Jewish or Muslim school then you know that everyone knows what you’re talking about • Discussion of place of RME in education • I don’t know why you can’t have more teachers that speak other languages • Well some people make fun of your accent if you speak another language • And it’s good if you get people who know what they’re talking about when they tell you about other religions and places.

22. Case Study of Diversifying the Teaching Profession Refugees into teaching in scotland (RITeS)

23. RITeS: a case study from Scotland • Refugees Into Teaching in Scotland • Funded by the Scottish Government 2005-2011 • 370 teachers from across Asia and Africa who had arrived in Scotland as asylum seekers and wished to recover their professional identity by teaching in Scotland • Research funded by West of Scotland Wider Access Programme

24. Specific Barriers and ChallengesRITeS clients • Immigration issues • Long route to re-qualification • Disclosure Scotland and Police checks • Assessment of foreign certificates • Obtaining GTCS registration • Language difficulties • Stress • Labelling • Childcare needs • Scottish education practice • Obtaining the right information • Support after asylum decision • Financial pressure

25. Multiple Layers of Discrimination • Structural: UK Immigration and Asylum Legislation • Institutional: Requirements of Registration • Cultural: • -View of teaching and teachers among profession • -Differing pedagogies and practices • Personal: Attitudes from individuals – ‘colleagues’; parents, pupils

26. Discrimination in Practice • You are not approached from your profession(al) point of view. It (the system) doesn’t target your profession. The target is your paper. If you are given leave you will be given the chance to teach. Unless, you are given paper there is no chance for you --- Male, Ethiopia, Secondary • The system ---, needs to be a little bit more welcoming to international teachers and show them that they are trusted and they are valued and they know what they are doing. --- The whole system seems to be like (saying) ‘You are not good enough. We are not sure that you can deliver’. Female Uganda Secondary • When you have been told by GTCS that you are not qualified enough to teach in Scotland it destroys confidence and generates anxiety and you want to get there and prove them wrong. It is the same as sending a suspect to jail before a court hearing. I only needed confidence in a new environment, Scottish systems/ways and context. • Male, Zimbabwe, Primary

27. Why is this an issue for concern? • When the dominant ethnicity of the teaching workforce is white, it is difficult for cultural difference to be truly recognised, represented and respected in school (Lynch and Lodge, 2002) • When the tools of instruction are incompatible with, or worse, marginalise, the student’s cultural experiences, a disconnect with school is likely (Irvine, 1992) • As long as the socioculturally marginalised are identified as ‘the other’ by the dominant group in society, then they will be subjected to cultural imperialism (Cummins, 1996) • Conversations of respect between diverse communities are characterized by intellectual reciprocity. They are the ones in which the participants expect to learn from each other, expect to learn non-incidental things, expect to change at least intellectually as a result of the encounter. (Wlodkowski & Ginsberg, 1995)

28. Diverse Teaching in Action I did Lingala because it’s her best language. She doesn’t know English yet but she knows French. She doesn’t know English yet but she knows French.

29. Multilingual Classrooms • ‘Exert educational effort that takes into account and builds on the diversity of languages and literacy practices that children and youth bring to school’ • (Garcia, Skutnabb-Kangas and Torres Guzman)

30. The Face of Teaching? • We see that the face of Scotland is changing. We can see a lot of children in primary schools from different countries, from different cultures. I think we have to get all the teachers, especially from other countries, to get involved with these children because they know them well, they know how the system has been working in their country and they give a lot of positive support for these children to grow up and succeed in this society. • (Primary Female Teacher, Burundi)

31. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy

32. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy • Culturally responsive pedagogy facilitates and supports the achievement of all students. In a culturally responsive classroom, effective teaching and learning occur in a culturally supported, learner-centered context, whereby the strengths students bring to school are identified, nurtured, and utilized to promote student achievement. (Richards, Brown and Forde) • Educational practices that build upon and are responsive to the linguistic, interactional, cognitive and learning patterns of diverse families. (Perry)

33. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy • Using the cultural characteristics, experiences, and perspectives of ethnically diverse students as conduits for teaching them more effectively. • Gay (2000) • If teaching reflects the cultural and linguistic practices and values of only one group of students, then the other students are denied an equal opportunity to learn. Richards et al (2006) • Academic achievement of ethnically diverse students will improve when they are taught through their own cultural and experiential filters • (Au & Kawakami,1994; Foster, 1995; Hollins, 1996; Ladson-Billings, 1994)

34. Untapped Potential for CRP • When teachers hear you are a refugee, a black for that matter, it looks like they want you to go for cleaning jobs. That is where they think you belong. They see your efforts to teach as straying into an area that is their domain and where you do not belong to. It is ignorance, it is racism and it is not healthy for a multicultural community where my children belong. • (Female Secondary teacher, Burundi).

35. Languages spoken by RITeS clients,

36. Human Capital • --- many adults before coming in UK -- are well educated in some other field. They can’t get back in their professions because they don’t know where to start. Many of my fellows from (Africa) lost that motivation and end up in factories to make their living. --- I have seen many(refugee professionals). After five to seven years of long (process of asylum) and with all the costs involved when they come here they end up in factories. When they don’t use it they will lose it. Male, Congo DRC, Secondary

37. Human Capital • I am currently working as an administrator in the (local Scottish hospital). --- but it is very difficult when you are a teacher and decide just to drop (it) like that. You always have a feeling that there is something which is missing in you and even if you have another job they do not value you as a teacher. You always feel that you are reduced to a very low level and you don’t fulfil your potential. --- I am not going to carry on like this doing a job, a work that I am not happy to do and where they undervalue me. So, I say, let’s go back to my roots, and that is what I am planning to do. Male, Burundi, Secondary

38. Taking on the Challenge • I have made up my mind --- to face this challenge. --- I am ready for going back into teaching and no matter how the challenge is going to be, I am going to face them and I will try my best to stick in the profession that I love and the profession that I am devoted to. Male, Burundi, Secondary

39. Where to Now? Recommendations • Recruitment of teachers who have access to teaching in more than the majority language is essential to ensure that the linguistic capital of pupils n Scotland is built on and given status. • Bilingual skills of such teachers must be recognised. • Figures must be collected regarding teachers’ knowledge and use of the other languages spoken on a daily basis. • Efficient and effective systems must be in place to provide immediate support in the event of any racial harassment • Provision of CPD designed to enable bilingual teachers to use their skills to support the growing numbers of bilingual pupils.

40. Meeting the Challenge of ‘Schools for the 21st Century’ • Much greater exposure to and understanding of, diversity throughout the pre service and in-service education of teachers • University teaching and diverse placements • Enabling internationally educated teachers to bring • diverse linguistic and cultural lenses into schools • Recognise, value, celebrate and utilise difference in the • classroom.

41. Teachers Learning from Diverse Learners

42. Diverse Teachers Celebrate