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Reflecting on the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and its parallels for the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) and International Polar Year (IPY), this article explores the Antarctic Treaty system, the potential for an Arctic Treaty, and lessons from the Svalbard Treaty. It emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in preserving the environment, addressing climate change, supporting indigenous peoples, and promoting sustainable resource use.
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Legacy Achievements Some reflections on the IGY And Parallels for IHY and IPY. Roger Smith, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks
The Antarctic Treaty • The Antarctic Treaty System is a complex of arrangements regulating relations among states in the Antarctic. • The original parties to the treaty were the 12 nations active in the Antarctic during the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58. • The Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961. • The Consultative Parties comprise the original Parties and a further fourteen States
The Antarctic Treaty • The primary purpose of the Antarctic Treaty is to ensure that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes • To this end it prohibits military activity, except in support of science; prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of nuclear waste; promotes scientific research and the exchange of data; and holds all territorial claims in abeyance. • The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is an observer at Treaty meetings, and provides independent scientific advice as requested in a variety of fields.
An Arctic Treaty • Circumstances have changed but the benefits of an international treaty opening freedom of research are obvious. • The senior international committee on Arctic affairs in the 8-member-country Arctic Council currently chaired by Norway. • The major objectives of the Scandinavian countries are: Climate Change, Sustainable use of Resources, Protection of the Environment, The IPY, Indigenous People and Local Living Conditions,
An Arctic Treaty • During the IGY, occupation of Antarctica was minimal but annexations for economic and military uses were a common concern. • The Antarctic Treaty addressed these issues and together with later additions has provided for preservation of the environment and open opportunity for research. • An Arctic treaty is made more difficult because of existing international boundaries, economic and security issues. However, we all face the environmental and climate change issues together.
The Svalbard Treaty • Signed in 1920 by 11 countries, the treaty identifies Svalbard as part of Norway but permits access to signatories for commercial activities, mainly coal mining. Scientific research was also permitted and practiced, for example in the IGY. • There are now over 40 signatories and Norway has appointed governors since 1925.
Focus on the Arctic Basin • More readily achievable target for an international treaty. • Take advantage of the IPY its growing programs in international science. Universities and faculty provide a readily available and willing starting point. • Consider the Scandinavian major objectives at the Arctic Council as seeds for a common approach to common problems.. Global climate change, environmental protection, support for indigenous people, sustainable use of resources.
US Arctic Research Commission • At a recent US Federal review of Arctic Policy, arguments were made in support of an international treaty for the Arctic Basin.
Conclusions • An Arctic Treaty protecting the environment and mitigating climate change in the Arctic Basin is worth pursuing. • International scientific cooperation brings instant rewards for scientist and longer term rewards for the countries involved.
