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chapters 3 and 4 of Glencoe Earth Science On Minerals and Rocks
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Rocks and Minerals 8th Grade Earth Science Unit 2 Topics: Rocks, Minerals, Rock Cycle
Enduring Understanding • An object’s characteristics and behavior are determined by its individual particles and their arrangement. • A cycle is a repetitive and predictable relationship. • Structures that change over time do so as a result of some outside influence.
Essential Questions • How can we identify and classify objects in the world around us? • What is the Earth made of? • How do rocks and minerals change? • How have changes shaped the world around us?
What Students Should Know • Rocks are composed of minerals. • Minerals are identified on the basis of physical and chemical properties. • Rocks are classified on the basis of how they are formed. • Rock formation and the rock cycle. • Three classifications of rocks • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic • Rocks are classified on their physical and chemical properties.
What Students Should Be Able to Do • Use identification tests and flow charts to identify mineral samples. • Use identification tests to identify rock samples and its origin of formation. • Use charts and diagrams of the rock cycle to determine the formation of a specific rock type. • Determine density of regular and irregular shaped objects.
Unit Project • Mighty Minerals or Rock Story • Mighty Minerals • Research a mineral • Make a cartoon including facts on the mineral • Rock Story • Research a rock • Tell a story involving the rock cycle
Minerals • What do you know about minerals? • Complete the Before You Read about Minerals in your note packet. • Raise your hand if you agree with the statement, leave it down if you don’t. • Be prepared to defend your response.
Before you Read To Agree or To Disagree Minerals • Atoms in a mineral are arranged in an orderly pattern. • Minerals are made in the lab from natural materials. • Diamonds are so hard they cannot be broken. • Minerals are a source of metals and other useful elements.
Journaling aboutMinerals • Write two questions that you would ask a gemologist – someone who studies gems and gemstones – about the minerals that he or she works with. • Who would like to share?
Section 1Minerals • Skim the headings of section 1. • Examine the illustrations of section 1. • Write three questions that come to mind. • Share time
Vocabulary Section 1Minerals • Define the following words using your text book. • Atoms • Mineral • Crystal • Magma • Silicate • Use a dictionary to define • Occur
What is a mineral? Section 1Minerals
What is a mineral? Section 1Minerals • Crystals – • solid with atoms arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern
The Structure of Minerals – Crystals Section 1Minerals Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tri clinic
The Structure of Minerals – Magma Section 1Minerals slowly • When magma cools _________________ -- large crystals are formed. • When magma cools _________________ -- small crystals are formed. quickly
The Structure of Minerals – Solution Section 1Minerals
Mineral Compositions and Groups Section 1Minerals Oxygen Silicon
Mineral Compositions and Groups Section 1Minerals • Distinguish between a carbonate and a silicate. • Identify two carbonates and two silicates. • Carbonate = have carbon and oxygen • Dolomite • Calcite • Silicates = have silicon and oxygen • Feldspar • Quartz
Mineral Compositions and Groups Section 1Minerals
Discussion Question Section 1Minerals • What processes can cause crystals to form?
Reinforcement Section 1Minerals • Using the table provided to you: • Which minerals listed below do NOT belong to the silicate family? • Plagioclase • Amphibole • Gypsum • Mica • Pyroxene • Calcite • Quartz • Name: _____________________________________ • Symbol: ____________________________________ Yes Yes No: sulfate Yes Yes No: carbonate Yes Silicon Oxygen Si O
Reinforcement Section 1Minerals Carbonates • Dolomite: ____________________________________ • A mineral that contains the CO3 group: _________ • Sulfates are named for ________________________ • An example of an oxide is _____________________ • Which of the rock-forming groups makes up the largest group of minerals in Earth’s crust? ______ • Gypsum: _____________________________________ • Hematite contains: ___________________________ • Halite belongs to _____________________________ Calcite Sulfur Hematite Silicates Sulfates Iron Halides
Quiz Section 1Minerals • At this time you will take a short quiz on minerals. • No notes!!! • Good luck!!
Quiz Section 1Minerals According to the chart, which mineral contains the greatest variety of elements? Calcite Feldspar C. Olivine D. Quartz
Quiz Section 1Minerals About 92% of the rock-forming mineral in Earth’s crust are silicates. Silicates are compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. According to this definition, which of these is not a silicate? Calcite Feldspar C. Olivine D. Mica
Quiz Section 1Minerals According to the chart, which element is found only in calcite? Al C C. Fe D. Na
Quiz Section 1Minerals A reasonable hypothesis based on the data is that the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are ________. C and O Ca and Si C. Al and O D. Si and O
Section 1Minerals Critique the statement: “Coal is an essential mineral for society.”
Section 1Minerals What processes can cause crystals to form?
Section 2Mineral Identification • Predict three things that you expect to learn based on the headings in section 2. • How minerals vary in appearance • How to measure the hardness of minerals • What “streak” means when applied to a mineral
Section 2Mineral Identification Vocabulary • Physical Property • Hardness • Luster • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture • Obvious
Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties • Summarize why attempting to identify a mineral by its color alone may sometimes be deceiving.
Your fingernail can scratch the minerals ___________ and _________. A streak plate is softer than the minerals ____________, ____________, and _______________. talc Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties gypsum topaz corundum diamond Hardness Mohs Scale Common Objects 1 Talc (softest) Fingernail 2 Gypsum Piece of copper 3 Calcite 4 Fluorite Iron nail 5 Glass Apatite 6 Steel file Feldspar 7 Quartz Streak plate 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond (hardest)
Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties • Concept Map
Section 2Mineral Identification • Luster • The way a mineral reflects light • Metallic luster • Non-metallic luster • Dull • Pearly • Silky • Glassy
Section 2Mineral Identification • Streak • Color produced when a mineral is scratched on an unglazed, white tile
Section 2Mineral Identification • Cleavage • Splitting pieces with smooth, regular surfaces that reflect light
Section 2Mineral Identification • Hardness • A test in which minerals scratch or are scratched by others
Section 2Mineral Identification • Unique Properties • Properties that are unique to that mineral • Magnetism • Other properties
Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties • Identify the unique properties of
Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties • Connect It!! • Suppose you were given an assignment to scratch your name into a piece of glass on a special name plate. Identify which of the following minerals you could use. Which would work best? Support your choices with reasons and examples. • Diamond • Gypsum • Apatite • Quartz
Section 2Mineral Identification Physical Properties • What are five properties that could be examined to identify a mineral? • Hardness • Luster • Specific gravity • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture
Section 3Uses of Minerals Predict • Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 3. • Read the headings to help you make your predictions.
Section 3Uses of Minerals Vocabulary • Metal • Gem • Ore • Accurate
Section 3Uses of Minerals Gems • Summarize what distinguishes gems from common samples of minerals. • Gems are clearer, brighter, or more colorful than common minerals. Examples of industrial applications. Diamonds To produce a type of laser light In electronic timepieces
Cullinan Diamond Section 3Uses of Minerals Gems
Hope Diamond Section 3Uses of Minerals Gems
Section 3Uses of Minerals Useful Elements in Minerals • Minerals can contain other useful elements • Elements must by refined, or purified from ores
Section 3Uses of Minerals Useful Elements in Minerals • Minerals can contain other useful elements • Elements must by refined, or purified from ores
Section 3Uses of Minerals Useful Elements in Minerals • Minerals can contain other useful elements • Elements must by refined, or purified from ores