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Before 1848, Germany was a confederation of 38 states ruled by princes or kings.

Learn how Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" to unify Germany through wars with Denmark, Austria, and France. By 1871, Germany was united under Kaiser Wilhelm I. Explore Bismarck's political strategies and the challenges faced during the unification process.

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Before 1848, Germany was a confederation of 38 states ruled by princes or kings.

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  1. Before 1848, Germany was a confederation of 38 states ruled by princes or kings. E. Napp

  2. Prussia was the largest and most powerful German state. E. Napp

  3. Many Germans believed that unity could only be achieved through Prussian leadership. E. Napp

  4. But the Prussian king would not take the crown from the hands of revolutionaries and liberals. E. Napp

  5. The Prussian king appointed Otto von Bismarck his chief minister in 1862. E. Napp

  6. Bismarck intended to use war as a means for unification. E. Napp

  7. The Prussians fought three wars to unify Germany. They fought the Danes, the Austrians, and the French. Unification was achieved through “blood and iron”. E. Napp

  8. The Prussians fought Denmark for control of Schleswig and Holstein in 1864. E. Napp

  9. The Prussians fought the Austrians over administration of territories. E. Napp

  10. And finally, the Prussians fought the French thereby successfully uniting Northern German Protestants and Southern German Catholics. E. Napp

  11. By 1871, Germany was unified. Kaiser or Emperor Wilhelm I ruled and Otto von Bismarck served as the chancellor. E. Napp

  12. Otto von Bismarck followed a policy of “blood and iron” to achieve his goals. E. Napp

  13. “The greatest questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.” Otto von Bismarck E. Napp

  14. Although there was a national assembly, it was controlled by conservative Prussian landowners, not the working people. E. Napp

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