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Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development

Understand the models of development and aging theories from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. Explore the multidimensional nature of change, from lifespan to specific systems theories. Gain knowledge on programmed aging, random error theories, and conclusions on the causes of aging. Delve into psychological theories such as Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, examining concepts of ego development, identity, and cognitive processes. Uncover myth-busting facts on aging and the various forces of development shaping individuals across their lifespan.

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Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development

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  1. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  2. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  3. Link Back Lifespan Perspective says • Development is lifelong • Social or contextual influences on development must be considered • Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated

  4. Emergence of Developmental Science Life-span perspective Contextual Interdisciplinary

  5. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  6. Models of Development(World Views) • Organismic (Nature side of debate) • Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate) • Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between nature and nurture) • Reciprocal relations with environment

  7. Summary Organismic Mechanistic Interactionist Multidirectional Multidimensional Nature of change Qualitative Quantitative Contribution of organism Active Passive Active Biological intrinsic maturation External stimulus environment Reciprocal relations with environment Main force of develop- ment

  8. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  9. Biological Theories of Aging • Programmed aging Two types of theories • Random error

  10. Programmed Aging Theories Genetic programming theory of aging Sources of support: • Gompertz Curve • Heritability index

  11. Gompertz Curve • Age-specific death rate plotted against age in days • Is species-specific

  12. Heritability Index =Correlation between monozygotic twins =Correlation between dizygotic twins Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic

  13. Programmed Aging Theories Telomere Theory • Replicative senescence- cells have limited number of replications before they can no longer replicate • Telomere- end of chromosome that protects genetic material during replication Loss of telomeres may cause aging

  14. Programmed Aging Theories Specific Systems Theories • Nervous system theory • Endocrine system theory Aging caused by losses within these systems

  15. Biological Approaches to Aging: Random Error Theories Mechanical damage Wear and tear Rate of living Use up energy for life Waste product Materials accumulate Cross-linking Collagen cross-links Free radical Unstable molecules Immune system Autoimmunity Somatic mutation, error catastrophe theory Mutation theories Order to disorder Entropy destroys system

  16. Biological Theories of Aging Conclusions • Causes of aging not yet known • Genetics is more likely cause • Environment also plays important role

  17. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  18. Psychological Theories of Aging • Erikson’s psychosocial theory • Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory • Identity process model • Multiple threshold model • Sociocultural model

  19. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Biopsychosocial Nature of Theory PSYCHO SOCIAL EGO DEVELOPMENT

  20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Epigenetic Principle Old Age Childhood Each stage unfolds from previous stage

  21. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

  22. + - Sense of purpose Lack of direction Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion Basis for later adult stages

  23. + - Mutual relationships Self-absorption Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Intimacy vs. Isolation Builds on identity

  24. + - Productivity and care Inward energy Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation Expressed most often in parenting and work

  25. + - Acceptance of past Fear of death Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Ego Integrity vs. Despair Sets stage for young

  26. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Basic Concepts • Stages of development in childhood • Processes of development • assimilation • accommodation

  27. Existing structure (“schema”) Used to interpret Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Assimilation New experiences

  28. New experiences Causechange Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Accommodation New or changed schema

  29. Identity Process Theory Definition of Identity Identity = sense of self

  30. Identity Process Theory • Identity assimilation • Interpret experiences in terms of existing self • Identity accommodation • Change in self as result of new experiences • Balance

  31. Identity Process Theory Multiple Threshold Model • Stepwise recognition of age changes • Identity processesinfluence age-related control behaviors

  32. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  33. Sociocultural Models of Development:Ecological Perspectives • Emphasis on relations between individual and environment as forces to change • multiple levels to the environment

  34. Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives Bronfenbrenner model Sociocultural Proximal social Inner processes

  35. Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development • Developmental Science • Models of Development (World Views) • Biological Theories of Aging • Psychological Theories of Aging • Sociocultural Models of Aging • Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

  36. Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • #11 The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change. • False

  37. Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • # 17 The majority of old people are socially isolated. • False

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