The Nation in Crisis: Missouri Compromise to Bleeding Kansas

1. Chapter 15 Notes A Nation Breaking Apart

2. Missouri wants to be a slave state • 11 slave 11 free states • It would shift the power between the slave and free states. • Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Missouri is slave, Maine is free, 36-30 line to decide future states. • Applied to Louisiana Territory not Mexican Cession land.

4. North Industry Did not like slavery Wanted to help runaway slaves Nationalism – love for your nation South Plantation, farming, slavery Needed slavery Did not like slaves runaway – wanted them returned Sectionalism – love for your area or section North vs. South

5. Missouri Compromise

6. LEADERS • South – John C. Calhoun • North – Daniel Webster • West – Henry Clay • President – James K. Polk (1845 – 1849)

7. Calhoun, Webster, and Clay

8. 1848 President Campaign • Free Soil – Martin VanBuren (no expansion of slavery) • Democrats – Lewis Cass (popular sover.) • Whig – Zachary Taylor (slave owner) • Slavery was now a national issue • Taylor won

9. SLAVERY • 4 million people are put into slavery each year – most are women and children. Many are lured with false promises of jobs with good pay.

10. California to become a state? • Gold brought thousands to California • Residents wanted to be a free state • Threatened the balance of power. • Northerners wanted the Missouri Compromise upheld • Tempers flared. • One man stood up from his seat, drew a pistol and pointed it at another – no blood shed that day!

11. Jefferson Davis “For the first time, we are about to permanently destroy the balance of power between the sections” • California could not become a state without the approval of Congress • Henry Clay drafted a plan. • Henry Clay is known as the Great Compromiser. Clay is now 73 years old, frail, old, and ill. Calhoun is dieing of Tuberculosis. 1850 – Calhoun and Taylor dies

12. The Compromise of 1850 • California would be a free state. • Slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C. • Congress would not pass laws about slavery for the territories. • Tougher laws to help slave owners capture runaways.

13. Compromise of 1850

14. Political Leaders • Millard Fillmore – president • Henry Clay • Daniel Webster • Stephen Douglas – save the Union • “little giant” only 5’4” • Died of typhoid fever in 1861

15. Fugitive Slave Act • A law to help slave owners recapture runaway slaves. • Judges received $5 for releasing slaves and $10 for returning them. • Law required northerners to help capture runaways. • Fines were $1000 or 6 months in jail • Slave catchers roamed the north sometimes capturing freed African Americans.

16. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe • 1852 – showed the immoral issue of slavery • Uncle Tom was a respected older slave. He had 3 owners – two were kind and one – Simon Legree – was evil • Sold 300,000 copies • Southerners claimed the story was untrue • Stowe had seen slavery first hand. • This changed the way thousand of northerners felt about slavery. It was no longer just a political problem, but now it was a moral problem.

19. Kansas – Nebraska Act • 1854 – The area of Nebraska Territory was divided into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska. • Used popular sovereignty to decide slavery • Got rid of the Missouri Compromise • Called the Kansas Nebraska Act

20. “Bleeding Kansas” • Pro – slavery and antislavery settlers rushed into the Kansas Territory to vote. • Border Ruffians – pro – slavery groups that crossed the border to vote illegally. • Passed a law saying a person could be put to death for helping a slave and it was a crime to speak out against slavery. • Anti slavery settlers formed a government of their own

21. Political authority was in dispute • Settlers armed themselves • Pro- slavery mob attacked Lawrence (destroying homes and offices) • John Brown ( extreme abolitionist with 20 children) attacked pro- slavery homes and murdered 5 people. • Civil war broke out in Kansas that lasted 3 years. • More than 200 people died

22. John Brown

23. Violence in Congress • Senator Charles Sumner (Mass) delivered a speech attacking pro slavery people. He insulted A.P. Butler (SC) • Preston Brooks, a relative of Butler, attacked Sumner, who was sitting at a desk. • Brooks hit Sumner over the head with a cane 30 times, breaking the cane. • Southerners sent Brooks a new cane to show support.

25. Republican Party • GOAL = to stop the spread of slavery • NOT to abolish slavery!

26. Election of 1856 • Republican – John Fremont • Democrat – James Buchanan • Buchanan won • Fremont almost won without support of a single southern state. • Southerners were worried that their national influence was fading.

27. ABRAHAM LINCOLN View of Slavery – did not believe in equality between black and white but believed slavery was wrong and expansion should be prevented. STEPHAN DOUGLAS View of Slavery – popular sovereignty but personally disliked slavery Illinois Senate Race

30. Who was Abraham Lincoln?

31. “House Divided Speech” • “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. • Abraham Lincoln, June 16, 1858

32. Dred Scott Case • 1857 – Scott lived in Missouri and moved to Wisconsin with his owner. • His owner died. Anti slavery men said Scott was free since he was living in free land. • Filed a lawsuit • Court’s Decision: • Scott could not file suit because black men were not citizens. • Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in territories (only a state could ban slavery).

34. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry, Va.

35. John Brown took a group of men to attack an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Va. • To get guns for a slave revolt. • Robert E. Lee lead troops to stop Brown • Lee killed 10 and captured Brown • Brown was put on trial • Found guilty of murder and treason • Hanged • Became a martyr for the slave cause

36. Northern Response to Brown’s hanging Brown became a hero and a martyr. Southern Response to Brown’s hanging: Mad How could they praise a man who planned to lead a slave revolt. Intolerable

37. Platform = a statement of beliefs • Northern democrats – wanted the party to support popular sovereignty • Southern democrats – wanted to defend slavery • Constitutional Union party – wanted to preserve the Union

38. Election of 1860 • Northern democrats – Stephen Douglas (N) • Southern democrats – John Breckinridge S • Republicans – Abraham Lincoln (N) • Constitutional Union – John Bell (S) • Textbook page 500 • Extreme views : Lincoln and Breckinridge • Lincoln wins!

39. So what does this mean? • South had not affected the election at all and did not have a voice in the national government. • Lincoln said he would do nothing to abolish slavery • South said “Abolitionist in the White House”

40. South secedes from the Union • Secede – withdraw from the Union • Reason – state’s rights • December 20, 1860 • They said the sates had voluntarily joined the Union, therefore they could leave the Union. • D of I said “it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a government that denies the rights to citizens. • South Carolina was the first • In the next 6 weeks – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded

41. Confederate States of America • President – Jefferson Davis • Drafted a Constitution • Supported states rights • Protected slavery • North said – states did not have the right to secede because the federal gov. had the most power not the state gov.

42. Lincoln takes office • March 1, 1861 • First Inaugural Address • No intention of abolishing slavery • Against secession • Appeal for friendship • Lincoln would not invade the south • All waited anxiously