Test 1 In England, until the middle of the 18th century there were no:

1. Test 1In England, until the middle of the 18th century there were no: • А) conflicts of law; • B) common and statutory law systems; • C) interpersonal conflicts; • D) problems in enforcement of judgments rendered by foreign courts; • E) problems in autonomy of the parties' will.

2. Test 2The term «international private law» was first used by: • А) Joseph Story; • B) Michael Carel Asser; • C) Carl G. Von Wachter; • D) N.P. Ivanov; • E) E. Papinian.

3. Test 3The ‘Revolution of Conflict of Laws’ initiated publication of: • А) the First Restatement of the Conflict of Laws in the USA 1934; • B) the materials of the English court practice of the 1920s’; • C) the ‘Conflict of laws’ by Joseph Beale in 1935; • D) the Constitution of the USSR 1936; • E) the materials of the First Hague Convention onPrivate International Law 1893.

4. Test 4The doctrine of vested rights derives from: • А) the right of the state to recognize the rights acquired under foreign law; • B) enforcement by the court only of its own law; • C) special material matters of fact; • D) intertemporal conflicts; • E) absolute pragmatism.

5. Test 5The fundamental principle of the Anglo-American doctrine of private international law is: • А) the territorial principle; • B) the concept of international comity; • C) the wide concept of civil procedure relations; • D) the nationality principle; • E) the requirement of the most significant relationship.

6. Test 6The essential tenet of legal realism is: • А) that law is nothing else but exercising court functions; • B) that recognition of the existing law is merely recognition of existence of some fact; • C) pragmatism at its highest; • D) an approach from the point of view of the law of the forum; • E) waiving legal principles when solving conflicts of laws.

7. Test 7The subject of international private law in the Anglo-American doctrine is: • А) the necessity to establish under which conditions the local court has jurisdiction over a civil case with a foreign element; • B) private law relations with a foreign element; • C) any relations connected with foreign law; • D) the legal status of foreigners; • E) procedural status of private persons.

8. Test 8The main difference of the Anglo-American international private law from the European one is: • А) a fundamentally different approach to the correlation of substantive law and conflict of laws; • B) in reducing international private law to the conflicts of law only; • C) in combination of substantive and procedural law; • D) in the statement that international private law is the law of judges; • E) in the statement that international private law is the law of rights.

9. Test 9The author of the governmental interest theory is: • А) B. Currie; • B) А. Ehrenzweig; • C) W. Cook; • D) L. Duguit; • E) А. Lincoln.

10. Test 10The theory of “the choice of result” method gives grounds for: • А) freedom of judicial discretion; • B) the autonomy of the parties’ will; • C) the necessity of splitting conflict rules; • D) the category of the international public order (policy); • E) mandatory enforcement of the law of the forum.