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Performance-Enhancing Substances in Exercise

Explore the use of anabolic steroids, growth hormone, DHEA, and other aids in exercise training, with details on structures, effects, dosages, and risks. Understand the claims and dangers of amphetamines, caffeine, and more.

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Performance-Enhancing Substances in Exercise

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  1. Chapter 23 Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  2. Pharmacologic Agents • IOC-banned substance categories • Stimulants • Narcotic analgesics • Androgenic-anabolic steroids • -Blockers • Diuretics • Peptide hormones and analogs • Substances that alter urine sample integrity McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  3. Anabolic Steroids • Structure and action • Sterol structure similar to testosterone • Increases muscle growth • Stacking • Combining multiple steroid preparations in oral and injectable form • Pyramiding • Progressively increasing the dosage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  4. Anabolic Steroids • Drug with a considerable following • Becoming increasingly popular with more than just strength athletes • Effectiveness • Dosage is an important factor. • Training volume accompanies use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  5. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  6. Anabolic Steroids • Side effects and medical risks • Cystic acne, “roid rage,” peliosis hepatitis, increased plasma lipoproteins • In males: testicular atrophy and gynecomastia • In females: clitoral enlargement, squaring of the jaw, lowering of voice • ACSM Position Statement on Anabolic Steroids McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  7. Growth Hormone • Genetic engineering comes to sports • Human growth hormone • Produced in the pituitary gland • Stimulates bone and cartilage growth • Enhances fatty acid oxidation • Reduces glucose and amino acid breakdown • Excess GH may result in • Gigantism • Acromegaly • No unanimity among researchers McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  8. DHEA: A Worrisome Trend? • DHEA • Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands • Claims for DHEA • Testosterone booster • Bolsters immune system • Preserves youth • Decreases fatigue and joint pain • Slows aging • Invigorates sex life • An unregulated compound with uncertain safety McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  9. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  10. Androstenedione • Claims • Stimulates production of endogenous testosterone • Enables one to train harder • Increases muscle mass • Rapidly repairs tissue injury • Research shows no effect of supplementation on basal serum testosterone or any training response on muscle size and strength. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  11. Amino Acid Supplements for an Anabolic Effect • Claims • Boost body’s natural production of • Testosterone • Growth hormone • Insulin-like growth factor I • Resulting in an increase in muscle mass and a reduction in fat mass McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  12. Amino Acid Supplements • Stimulating an anabolic effect • Consuming carbohydrate and/or protein immediately after resistance training augments hormonal response to the training. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  13. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  14. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  15. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  16. Amphetamines • Stimulate the CNS = sympathomimetics • Claims • Increase alertness • Decrease sensation of muscle fatigue • Dangers • Physiologic or emotional dependence • Headache, fever, dizziness, tremors • Suppression of normal responses to pain • Use and athletic performance • Do not enhance physical performance. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  17. Caffeine • Ergogenic effects • Proposed mechanism for ergogenic action • Increases use of fatty acids, sparing glycogen • Effects on muscle • May act directly on muscle to enable more prolonged endurance performance McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  18. Warning About Caffeine • Possible side effects • Nervous irritability • Muscle twitching • Psychomotor agitation • Elevated HR and blood pressure • Increased occurrence of PVCs • Insomnia McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  19. Ginseng • Claims • Boosts energy • Diminishes stress • No compelling scientific evidence of ergogenic effect McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  20. Ephedrine • Effects • Increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure • Bronchodilation • Hypertension, insomnia, irritability • Increases anaerobic power output, endurance • Possibly heart attack, stroke, death McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  21. Buffering Solutions • Claims • Pre-exercise alkalosis facilitates H+ efflux from the cell, delaying the fall in pH. • May be ergogenic for high-intensity endurance performance • Effect related to dosage and degree of anaerobic metabolism McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  22. Glutamine • Promotes muscle glycogen accumulation • May blunt immunosuppression from exhaustive exercise McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  23. Phosphatidylserine • May modify neuroendocrine response to stress • Diminishes ACTH and cortisol release • Does not affect growth hormone release McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  24. ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate (HMB) • Metabolite from the breakdown of leucine • Claims • Inhibits protein catabolism • Research • Ergogenic benefits may be transient. • FFM tends to revert to baseline. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  25. Nonpharmacologic Approaches • Red blood cell reinfusion—blood doping • How it works • Withdrawal of 1 – 4 units of blood • RBC are frozen. • Reinfusion 1 – 7 days prior to competition • Effects • Increases RBC number, oxygen-carrying capacity, and ability to perform endurance exercise McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  26. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  27. Hormonal Blood Boosting • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Synthetic version of a hormone produced by the kidneys • May increase RBC number by 12% • Unconventional or nonmedical administration may create < 60% increase. • Increases risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, pulmonary edema McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  28. Other Means to Enhance Oxygen Transport • New substance classes • Perfluorocarbon emulsions • Bovine and human hemoglobin solutions • Potentially lethal side effect • Increased systemic and pulmonary blood pressure • Renal toxicity • Impaired immune function McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  29. Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) • General warm-up • Unrelated movements • Specific warm-up • Sport-specific movements • Psychologic considerations • Athletes feel better prepared McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  30. Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) • Physiologic considerations • Faster muscle contraction and relaxation • Greater movement economy from lowered viscous resistance • Facilitated oxygen delivery—Bohr effect • Facilitated nerve transmission and muscle metabolism • Increased blood flow to active tissues • Effects on performance • More research needed • Sudden strenuous exercise • Risk of MI in sedentary or those with CHD McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  31. Oxygen Inhalation (Hyperoxia) • Preexercise oxygen breathing • Not beneficial if ambient air is breathed before performing • Oxygen breathing during exercise • Improves performance • Not practical for most sports • Oxygen breathing during recovery • Research does not support use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  32. Modification of Carbohydrate Intake • Carbohydrate loading • Helps prevent/postpone “hitting the wall” • Glycogen depletion stage • Glycogen loading stage • Creatine supplementation McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  33. Modification of Carbohydrate Intake • Negative aspects • Increased water retention • Added weight increases the energy cost of weight-bearing exercise. • Depletion phase may inhibit ability to train. • Low carbohydrate intake may create ketosis. • Vitamin, mineral deficiencies • Lean tissue loss McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  34. L-Carnitine • Facilitates influx of fatty acids into mitochondria • Rate of fatty acid oxidation affects aerobic exercise intensity. • Research does not support ergogenic benefits. • Potential benefits • Vasodilation • Less postexercise pain, tissue damage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  35. Chromium • Potentiates insulin function • Promotes carbohydrate uptake into cells • Numerous alleged benefits • Fat burner • Muscle builder • Research does support claims • Potential downside • Competes with iron for binding to transferrin • Possible chromosomal damage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  36. Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) • Used therapeutically for cardiovascular disease • Claims: improve stamina and enhance cardiovascular function • Research does not support ergogenic benefits. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  37. Creatine • Important component of high-energy phosphates • Documented benefits in humans • Improves muscular strength and power • Augments short bursts of muscular endurance • Enables greater muscular overload • Limited research on potential risks • Creatine loading McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  38. Inosine • Claims • Improves training quality, performance • Facilitates oxygen release, insulin release • Augments cardiac contractility • Vasodilator • Research does not support ergogenic effect. • Risks contraindicate use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  39. Choline • Claims • Fat burning, metabolism “optimizing” • Research does not support claims. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  40. Medium-Chain Triglycerides • Claims • Fat burning, glycogen sparing, muscle building • Research is inconclusive. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  41. Hydroxycitrate (HCA) • Claims • Fat burning, endurance enhancing • Research is inconclusive. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  42. Pyruvate • Claims • Fat burning, endurance enhancing • Additional research is needed. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  43. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

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