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Sensation and Perception

This chapter explores the fundamental concepts of sensation and perception, including sensory receptors, transduction, absolute and difference thresholds, Weber's law, sensory adaptation, and subliminal perception. It also covers the anatomy and functions of the eye, such as the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, rods, cones, fovea, optic disk, blind spot, ganglion cells, and bipolar cells.

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Sensation and Perception

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  1. Sensation and Perception Chapter 3

  2. Sensation

  3. The process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure.

  4. Perception

  5. The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation.

  6. Sensory Receptors

  7. Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation

  8. Transduction

  9. The process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system

  10. Absolute Threshold

  11. The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time.

  12. Difference Threshold

  13. The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time; also called just noticeable difference.

  14. Weber’s Law

  15. A principle of sensation that holds the size of the just noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus

  16. Sensory Adaption

  17. The decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

  18. Subliminal perception

  19. The perception of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness

  20. Wavelength

  21. The distance from on wave peak to another

  22. Cornea

  23. A clear membrane covering the visible part of the eye that helps gather and direct incoming light

  24. Pupil

  25. The opening in the iris that change size to let in different amounts of light

  26. Iris

  27. The colored part of the eye, which is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil

  28. Iridology

  29. A pseudoscience based on the unproven notion that the physical and psychological functioning of an individual is represented in marking of the iris

  30. Lens

  31. A transparent structure located behind the pupil that actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye

  32. Accommodation

  33. The process by which the lens changes shape to focus incoming light so that it falls on the retina

  34. Retina

  35. A thin, light-sensitive membrane located at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.

  36. Rods

  37. The long, thin light-sensitive membrane located at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision and night vision

  38. Cones

  39. The short, thick, pointed sensory receptors of the eye that detect color and are responsible for color vision and visual acuity

  40. Fovea

  41. A small area in the center of the retina, composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused.

  42. Optic Disk

  43. Area of the retina without rods or cones where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye

  44. Blind spot

  45. The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; producing a small gap in the field of vision

  46. Ganglion cells

  47. In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells, the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve

  48. Bipolar cells

  49. In the retina, the specialized neuron that connects the rods and cones with the ganglion cells.

  50. Optic nerve

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