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Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure, and Function Analysis

Explore the field of bioinformatics and its main areas of sequence analysis and structure analysis. Learn about gene finding, gene expression analysis, pathway analysis, and more.

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Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure, and Function Analysis

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  1. Bioinformatics Problems

  2. 3 Main Classes of Problem Areas • Central dogma related: sequence, structure or function • Data related: storage, retrieval & analysis (exponential growth of knowledge in molecular biology) • Simulation of biological processes: protein folding (molecular dynamics) of metabolic pathways

  3. Sequence analysis • Sequence alignment • Structure and function prediction • Gene finding • Structure analysis • Protein structure comparison • Protein structure prediction • RNA structure modeling • Expression analysis • Gene expression analysis • Gene clustering • Pathway analysis • Metabolic pathway • Regulatory networks Topics in Bioinformatics

  4. Sequence Analysis • Finding evolutionary relationships • Finding coding regions of genomic sequences • Translating DNA to protein • Finding regulatory regions • Assembling genome sequences Finding information and patterns in DNA and protein data

  5. Structure Analysis • Amino acid sequences of protein determine its 3D conformation MNIHRSTPITIARYGRSRNKTQDFEELSSIRSAEPSQSFSPNLGSPSPPETPNLSHCVSCIGKYLLLEPLEGDHVFRAVHLHSGEELVCKVFDISCYQESLAPCF Sequence Structure Function

  6. DNA Chip • 슬라이드 박편에 oligonucleotide나 cDNA를 array형태로 붙여 놓은 것 • Oligonucleotide • 짧은 길이를 갖는 single-strand의 nucleotide chain • cDNA • mRNA로부터 역전사하여 얻어낸 DNA strand

  7. Hybridization • A-T, G-C 사이의 상보 결합 • 상보적인 염기 서열을 갖는 2개의 DNA(or RNA) single strand가 붙는 과정을 hybridization이라고 함.

  8. Hybridization의 응용 • Mouse의 coding region으로부터 oligonucleotide들을 얻어내고 이를 형광물질이나 방사선을 이용하여 tagging • 위의 oligonucleotide와 human DNA를 hybridization 시킴 • Human DNA에 oligonucleotide가 붙어있는 위치를 알 수 있음 • Human과 Mouse의 coding region은 유사하므로 m이 부분들은 coding region일 확률이 높음

  9. DNA Chip • DNA chip에는 수많은 DNA strand들이 밀집해 있으므로, 한 번의 실험으로 앞의 예와 같은 실험을 대량으로 동시에 진행하는 효과를 얻을 수 있음.

  10. Gene Expression Analysis • Gene expression • Transcription과 translation 과정을 통하여 gene이 protein으로 발현되는 것 • Gene expression level은 gene의 기능에 대한 단서를 제공 • DNA chip을 통해 세포의 gene expression level을 효율적으로 알아낼 수 있음

  11. Gene Expression Analysis 과정 • 알려진 gene sequence를 이용하여 DNA chip을 제작 • cDNA chip의 경우에는 유전자 전체를 이용하여 chip을 제작 • Oligonucleotide chip의 경우에는 하나의 유전자에서 20~25mer 안팎을 선택하여 chip 제작 • Target 세포에서 mRNA를 추출하여 cDNA를 만들고 DNA chip에 가하면 hybridization이 일어남 • Hybridization이 일어난 정도를 분석하면 gene expression 정도를 알 수 있음

  12. Gene Expression Analysis Nature Genetics 21, 10 (1999)

  13. DNA Chip Applications • Gene discovery:gene/mutated gene • Mutation의 발견 • Oligonucleotide chip에서는 하나의 염기 서열만 틀려도hybridization이 일어나지 않음 • Disease diagnosis • Gene expression level 분석을 통한 질병 진단 • 질병의 원인이 될만한 gene의 expression level을 알아내는 DNA chip 제작 • 정상세포와 암세포의 expression level 차이 분석을 통해 질병 진단

  14. DNA Chip Applications • Sequencing by Hybridization • 길이가 k(8~10)인 모든 가능한 sequence가 심어져 있는 oligonucleotide chip을 제작 • Target DNA를 적절한 크기로 잘라 chip 위에 가하면 hybridization이 일어나, target sequence에 어떤 k길이의 sequence가 있는 지를 알 수 있음 • 이 정보를 조합하여 원래 sequence를 알아냄

  15. Pathway Analysis • The one of the declarative way representing biological knowledge Metabolic pathway

  16. Database Search • Text based searching • Sequence based searching

  17. Bioinformatics as Information Technology GenBank SWISS-PROT Database Information Retrieval Hardware Supercomputing Bioinformatics Biomedical text analysis Algorithm Agent Information filtering Monitoring agent Sequence alignment Machine Learning Pattern recognition Clustering Rule discovery

  18. Bioinformatics on the Web The experimental process sample hybridization array scanner Data management relational database web interface results and summaries download data to other applications image analysis links to other information resources Data analysis and interpretation

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