CO 1: Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology.

1. PTT 104INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY An Overview of BiotechnologyLecture 2Madam NoorulnajwaDiyanaYaacobSchool of Bioprocess EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Perlis

2. CO 1: Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology.

3. Types of Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology • Bioremediation • Aquatic Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology • Regulatory Biotechnology

4. Types of Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria • Create better enzymes • More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal • Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine Aspergillusniger Saccharomycescerevisae

5. Types of Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology • Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants • Foods with higher protein or vitamin content • Drugs developed and grown as plant products

6. Types of Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology • Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins • Antibodies • Animals as important models in basic research • Gene “knockout” experiments • Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies • Animal cloning • Source of transplant organs

7. 1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and an adult donor cell.The (unwanted) chromosomes are removed from the egg cell and discarded.The nucleus, containing the DNA to be cloned, is removed from the donor cell. 2. The donor nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).Afterwards the egg contains a full (adult) set of chromosomes as if it had been fertilised normally. 3. A pulse of electricity, or a chemical 'shock', kick-starts the development process, and the embryo begins to grow. 4. Cell division begins. The subsequent development of the embryo depends upon how successfully the donor nucleus has 're-programmed' the egg.

8. Types of Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology • DNA fingerprinting • Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion • Paternity cases • Identification of human remains • Endangered species • Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease

9. Types of Biotechnology • Bioremediation • The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances • Particularly those that contribute to pollution • For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil • 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska

11. Types of Biotechnology • Aquatic Biotechnology • Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources • 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide • Genetic engineering • Disease-resistant strains of oysters • Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish • Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits • Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules

12. Types of Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology • Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine • Preventive medicine • Diagnosis of health and illness • Treatment of human diseases • New information from Human Genome Project • Gene therapy • Stem cell technologies

13. Types of Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology

14. Types of Biotechnology • Regulatory Biotechnology • Quality Assurance (QA) • All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product • Quality Control (QC) • Part of QA process that involves lab testing and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards

15. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Human Genome Project • Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes • Human proteome • Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell

16. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) • Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual • These variations influence how we respond to stress and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases • Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses

17. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

18. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine • Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient • Metabolomics • A snapshot of the small molecules produced during cellular metabolism • Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules

19. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Nanotechnology • Applications that incorporate extremely small devices • Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells

20. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

21. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Regenerative medicine • Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions

22. The Biotechnology Workforce • Biotechnology is a global industry • Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide revenues • $40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the United States

23. The Biotechnology Workforce • Jobs in Biotechnology • Research and development • Operations, biomanufacturing and production • Bioinformatics • Quality assurance and quality control • Clinical research and regulatory affairs • Marketing, sales, finance, legal

24. The Biotechnology Workforce